汉语“夹菜”概念表达方式的现状与历史

The Present Situation and History of the Conceptual Expressions of "pick up food with chopsticks" in Chinese

现代汉语方言“夹菜”概念表达中的动词丰富多样。其中,“夹”“搛”“拈”“机”在南北均有分布;“刀”“拘”“抄”“挑”主要分布在北方方言;“钳”“镊”主要分布在南方方言。“夹”“搛”“机”是对古汉语词汇的继承;“拈”“刀”“拘”“抄”“挑”“钳”“镊”属于方言义位的创新。方言“夹菜”概念表达差异最显著的一点是有的方言用上位词“夹”,而有的方言则用下位词。通过对比普通话、开封方言中的“夹持”概念场,发现不同词汇系统同一概念场不仅有成员多少的不同,还有分布的不同。研究表明以概念场为背景可以有效地比较普通话与方言词汇系统、方言间的词汇系统。“夹持”概念场成员“夹”“钳”“镊”均有从“动作”到“工具”的演变。“挟”“拈”“拘”为概念域间的语义演变再添佳证。

The verbs in the expressions of the concept of“pick up food with chopsticks”are rich and varied in Chinese dialects.“Jia”“Jian”“Nian”“Ji”is distributed in north and south.“Dao”“Ju”“Chao”“Tiao”is mainly distributed in northern dialect."Qian""Nie"is mainly distributed in southern dialect.“Jia”“Jian”“Ji”are the inheritance of ancient Chinese vocabulary.“Nian”“Dao”“Ju”“Chao”“Tiao”“Qian”“Nie”belong to the innovation of dialect semantics.In the expressions of the concept of“pick up food with chopsticks”in Chinese dialects,one of the most significant differences is that some dialects use superordinate“Jia”,however,some dialects use hyponymy.By contrasting the conceptual field of“clamp”in mandarin and Kaifeng dialect,we find that different vocabulary systems have different members and distributions in the same concept field.The research shows that the conceptual field can effectively compare the vocabulary systems of mandarin and dialect as well as dialects.Members“Jia”“Qian”“Nie”of the“clamping”concept field all have evolution from“action”to“tool”“Xie”“Nian”“Ju”prove further evidence for semantic evolution between conceptual domains.