动物类有毒中药“毒”的历史认识及现代研究

Toxic Traditional Chinese Medicine of Animal Origin:Historical Perspective and Modern Studies

动物类中药是我国传统中药的重要组成部分。古代中医药学者已经认识到动物类有毒中药的毒性成分同时也是其有效成分,并采取配伍、炮制、制剂等方法达到减毒增效的目的。现代研究发现,各种动物毒素是引起动物类有毒中药毒性的物质基础。动物毒素包括结构和功能丰富多样的蛋白质和多肽等活性物质,不同的动物毒素生物效应也不同。该文通过系统查阅土鳖虫、水蛭、全蝎、金钱白花蛇、斑蝥、蜈蚣、蕲蛇和蟾酥等8种动物类有毒中药的历史记载和现代毒性研究报道,从引起毒性反应的化学成分、分子机制以及临床表现和对策等角度进行综合评价,以期为科学认识动物类有毒中药、促进临床合理应用动物类有毒中药提供参考。

Medicines of animal origin are important components of traditional Chinese medicine.In ancient times,traditional Chinese medicine practitioners have recognized that the noxious ingredient in toxic animals may also be an active ingredient.And adopted methods including processing,compatibility and preparation were used to reduce the toxicity and increase efficiency.Modern studies have found that various animal toxins are the material bases that lead to the toxicity.Animal toxins are various bioactive substances such as proteins and peptides with structurally and functionally diverse.Different animal toxins have distinct biological effects.In this reviewer, we systematically reviewed the historical records and modern toxicity-related studies of eight toxic animals which are still commonly used up to now in traditional Chinese medicine, including eupolyphaga steleophaga,hirudo,scorpio,bungarus parvus,mylabris,scolopendra,agkistrodon and bufonis venenum.We conducted comprehensive evaluation in aspects of toxic chemical components, molecular mechanisms, clinical anti-toxicity strategies and performance,in order to provide reference for the scientific understanding of traditional Chinese toxic animal medicine and its clinical rational application.