儿童腹胀的临床特点及病因分析

Clinical features and etiology of abdominal distension in children

目的探讨不同年龄儿童腹胀的临床特点及病因,为临床诊疗提供帮助。方法回顾性分析2013年1月至2016年10月以腹胀为主诉入院的1561例患儿的临床表现、影像学检查、病理结果及疾病诊断等临床资料。结果1561例患儿中,新生儿(<28d)823例,婴儿(28d~)307例,幼儿(1岁~)186例,学龄前儿童(3岁~)120例,学龄儿童(6岁~)106例,青春期(12~17岁)19例。新生儿组、婴儿组、幼儿组及学龄组伴随症状均以呕吐为主,学龄前组以腹痛为主,青春期组以呕吐、腹痛为主。新生儿组和婴儿组伴随体征以肠鸣音减弱为主,其余各年龄组以腹部压痛为主。新生儿组腹部平片以肠道充气扩张为主,其余各年龄组以肠道充气扩张伴液气平为主。339例患儿完善组织病理学检查,其肠组织病理结果为:新生儿组以肠黏膜下神经节细胞体积小、数量少或发育差为主,婴儿组以肠道炎症、出血、坏死为主,其余各年龄组以阑尾炎为主。新生儿组以坏死性小肠结肠炎为腹胀主要病因(34.4%);婴儿组、幼儿组、学龄前组、学龄组及青春期组均以肠梗阻为主要病因,分别占36.8%、52.2%、51.7%、62.3%、52.6%。结论呕吐为各年龄组腹胀患儿较常见的症状;腹胀新生儿及婴儿多表现为肠鸣音减弱,1岁以上患儿以腹部压痛为主。坏死性小肠结肠炎是新生儿腹胀最常见的病因,其余年龄组患儿多以肠梗阻作为主要病因。

Objective To study the clinical features and etiology of abdominal distension in children with different ages.Methods A retrospective analysis was performed for the clinical data of 1561 children who were admitted due to abdominal distension from January 2013 to October 2016, including clinical manifestations, radiological examination, pathological results, and disease diagnosis.Results Among the 1 561 children, there were 823 neonates (aged < 28 days), 307 infants (aged 28 days to 1 year), 186 toddlers (aged 1-3 years), 120 preschool children (aged 3-6 years), 106 school-aged children (aged 6-12 years), and 19 adolescents (aged 12-17 years). Vomiting was the major associated symptom in neonates, infants, toddlers, and school-aged children, abdominal pain was the major associated symptom in pre-school children, and vomiting and abdominal pain were the major associated symptoms in adolescents. Hypoactive bowel sound was the major accompanying sign in neonates and infants, and abdominal tenderness was the major accompanying sign in the other four age groups. Plain abdominal radiograph showed intestinal inflation in neonates and intestinal inflation with an air-fluid level in the other five age groups. Histopathological examination was performed for 339 children and the pathological results of intestinal tissue showed small, few, or poorly developed submucosal ganglion cells in neonates, intestinal inflammation/bleeding/necrosis in infants, and appendicitis in the other age groups. Necrotizing enterocolitis was the main cause of abdominal distension in neonates (34.4%), and intestinal obstruction was the main cause in infants (36.8%), toddlers (52.2%), pre-school children (51.7%), school-aged children (62.3%), and adolescents (52.6%).Conclusions Vomiting is a common symptom in children with abdominal distension in all age groups. Neonates and infants with abdominal distension often present with hypoactive bowel sounds, and children over 1 year old mainly suffer from abdominal tenderness. Necrotizing enterocolitis is the most common cause of neonatal abdominal distension, and abdominal distension in the other age groups is mainly attributed to intestinal obstruction.