动词“坐”的词汇类型学研究

An Analysis of Verb ‘Sit’ from the Perspective of Lexical Semantic Typology

本文运用词汇类型学共词化和重叠多义性原理考查16种语言的"坐"义动词,梳理该范畴的多义衍生路径并尝试性构建出概念空间,证明多义词跨语言语义共性和限制的存在,并验证语义地图模型在实词领域运用的可行性与适应性。研究表明,"坐"义动词的语义引申呈现出"动作相似""状态相似""空间延展""时间延展""方向延展""功能扩张"和"目的扩张"七条共性路径,形成七个相互渗透交叠又相对独立的语义域,所展示的规律和边界符合"人>物>活动>空间>时间>性质"这一具有普遍意义的隐喻范畴等级序列及转喻的认知机制。语义地图则直观地反映出16种语言的个性特征。

Based on the principles of colexicalization and overlapping polysemy in lexical semantic typology, this paper researches the verb ’sit’ in 16 languages and constructs the conceptual space, which proves the existence of the semantic commonality of the polysemy and verifies the feasibility and adaptability of the semantic map model in the field of lexical semantics. The research shows that the semantics of the verb ’sit’ extends along seven paths:’action similarity’,’state similarity’,’space expansibility’,’time expansibility’,’direction expansibility’,’function extensibility’, and ’purpose extensibility’. The seven paths form seven semantic domains whose regularities and boundaries conform to the universal metaphorical sequence of PERSON>OBJECT>ACTIVITY>SPACE>TIME>QUALITY, as well as the cognitive mechanism of metonymy. Different languages plot distinct semantic maps in the conceptual space, which intuitively reflect their individual characteristics.