发达国家农地流转经验及对我国农业适度规模经营的启示

Farmland Circulation Experiences in Developed Countries and Its Inspiration on China’s Proper-Scale Farming

农村耕地流转能够促进土地集中和农业适度规模经营,是实现乡村振兴的重要手段。英国的农地政策注重保障土地使用者的权益,有利于促进对农业生产的长期投资。法国通过农业合作组织和财政政策的作用,对农地流出进行全程服务,加快了流转速度;德国通过土地入股等方式建立起企业化运作的合作社参与市场竞争,解决了单个农户面对市场风险时力量过于弱小的问题。美国的农地流转以明确的产权设计为前提,通过市场化的手段形成规模较大的家庭农场经营模式。日本在各个时期通过出台、修订相关法律法规,有效地指导和服务农地流转需要。目前我国已经明确了探索农村耕地“三权分置”的制度安排,为农地流转扫清产权制度障碍。但农地流转还需要考虑农地流转的方式、效率,以及转出农地农民的生活保障等问题。西方发达国家在推动农地流转过程中的经验,值得中国借鉴。

Farmland circulation is an efficient way to increase farm size and promote proper-scale-farming, which is important for China’s agriculture modernization and rural rejuvenation at large. Farmland circulation policies in England focus on protecting the interests of land users, which is beneficial to the long-term investment in farming. France uses agricultural collectives and fiscal policies to serve and speed up land circulation process. Collectives in Germany are operated as business firm to strengthen market competitiveness. Based on clearly-defined property rights, US developed a successful family farm model by making good use of market mechanism in farmland circulation. In Japan, farmland circulation has been under the guidance of timely made or modified laws and regulation. China has separated ownership rights, contract rights and management rights of farmland from each other to lay basis for circulation. However, the mechanism and efficiency of circulation still need to be carefully designed. The experiences of developed western countries might work as examples and references in China’s farmland circulation practice.