马克思劳动辩证法的新解读——“资本—劳动”权力关系的起源与变革

A New Interpretation of Marx’s Labor Dialectics The Origin and Transformation of Power Relationship between Capital and Labor

马克思的劳动辩证法学说是一个完整、系统和成熟的理论体系,在马克思的思想发展过程中主要体现在三个方面。一是劳动辩证法的现象学批判。异化劳动理论实质上是马克思对劳动辩证法这一内在否定性的现象学呈现,它描述了抽象劳动对人的支配和统治的四个方面,即我们熟知的“四个规定”。二是劳动辩证法的本质揭示。马克思从资本主义的生产过程揭示出资本—劳动的权力对抗关系及其交互运动,主要体现在微观的生产价值的劳动过程和剥削剩余价值的变戏法过程。三是通过图式直观和数学直观再现了劳动辩证法的这一内在矛盾运动过程。马克思给出了劳动辩证法否定之否定完成的可能性,即剩余价值与必要劳动的双重极限运动(趋近于0)的发生,这不仅是资本主义生产方式所提供的物质极大丰富,而且意义更为重大的是,它为人的全面发展提供了自由时间和必要条件。这也是马克思劳动辩证法批判性、革命性和科学性的体现。

Marx’s theory of labor dialectics is a complete, systematic and mature ideology, which is mainly embodied in three aspects in the history of Marx’s thoughts. The first aspect is the phenomenological criticism of labor dialectics. The theory of alienated labor, essentially the phenomenological representation of inherent negation of Marx’s labor dialectics, describes the four areas of domination of abstract labor over human beings,the so-called "four regulations". The second aspect is the essential revelation of labor dialectics. Marx reveals the power confrontation relationship between capital and labor and their interaction movement in terms of the capitalist production process, which is mainly reflected in the microcosmic labor process of producing value and the "jumping" process of exploiting surplus value. Thirdly, the intrinsic contradictory movement process of labor dialectics can be reproduced through schematic intuition and mathematical intuition. Marx gives the possibility of negation of negation in labor dialectics, which is the occurrence of a double extreme movement of surplus value and necessary labor(approaching zero). According to this theory, the capitalist mode of production provides not only material richness, but also, more significantly, free time and necessary conditions for the allround development of human beings, which also reflects the critical, revolutionary and scientific nature of Marx’s labor dialectics.