新中国学习外国科技的转向(1956—1966)

The Shift in Learning Foreign Technology in the People’s Republic of China(1956—1966)

在坚持自力更生的基础上,冷战时期中国对外科技交流的方针大致经历了由"向苏联学习"到"向外国学习"的转变。这既非中苏交恶后的被动调整,亦非动乱困局中的被迫求存,而是恰值20世纪50年代中期"向苏联学习"的最高潮。其历史语境主要包括缓和有利的国内外局势和中国领导人乐观自信的心态。1956年至1966年,中国与西方资本主义国家科技人员的跨国交流不断开展,科技文献的跨国流动也初步制度化。

On the basis of self-reliance, China's policy of scientific and technological exchanges with foreign countries during the cold war experienced a transition from "learning from the Soviet Union" to "learning from foreign countries." This was neither a passive adjustment after the Sino-Soviet conflict, nor a forced survival in turmoil and dilemma of the Cultural Revolution, but just in the climax of "learning from the Soviet Union" in the mid-1950s. Its historical context mainly includes the relaxation of favorable domestic and foreign situations and the optimistic and confident attitudes of Chinese leaders. From 1956 to 1966, the transnational exchanges of scientific and technological personnel between China and western capitalist countries were continuously carried out, and the transnational flows of scientific and technological literature were also preliminarily institutionalized.