边疆牧区旅游专业合作社运行机制分析与经验启示——基于喀拉峻世界自然遗产地的案例考察

Analysis on the Operation Mechanism of Tourism Professional Cooperative in Frontier Pastoral Areas and its Experience and Enlightenment——Case Study Based on Kalajun World Natural Heritage Site

在喀拉峻申遗成功和禁牧政策实施的背景下,旅游专业合作社在转变牧民生计方式过程中扮演着重要角色,研究边疆牧区合作社运行机制对统筹区域经济发展、提升当地旅游服务质量及帮助牧民脱贫有重要意义。以喀拉峻世界自然遗产地三个典型的马队旅游专业合作社为案例点,通过实地考察和访谈获取合作社基本情况,采用案例分析法分别从内部治理结构、运营管理机制和利益分配机制分析三者运行机制的差异。研究发现,案例合作社表现为“政府+合作社+牧民”、“能人+合作社+牧民”和“政府+合作社+牧户”三种不同的经营模式,并分别对应着“平等参与,平均收益”“风险共担,竞争得益”和“轮流上岗,收益平摊”的利益分配制度。三种不同模式的旅游合作社都为当地经济、社会和生态功能的实现做出了贡献,但其运行机制都存在不合理的一面,马纳提合作社过度注重分配制度的公平性而抑制了社员工作积极性;白马合作社不规范、不健全的管理制度削弱了合作社市场竞争力;金灿灿合作社“代税制”的分配制度制约着合作社绩效水平。针对案例存在的不同问题提出相应的运行机制优化建议,为其他地区同类合作社运行机制的优化提供经验参考。

In the context of the successful application for the list of world heritage of Kalajun and implementation of the grazing prohibiting policy,it is an arduous task to protect the fragile ecological environment,solve the employment problems of the herders and develop regional tourism simultaneously.The tourism professional cooperatives play an important role in transforming the means of livelihood of pastoralists in the pastoral areas;therefore to study the operation mechanism of the cooperatives in border pastoral areas is of great significance for coordinating regional economic development,improving the quality of local tourism services,and helping pastoralists to get rid of poverty.Taking three typical trooper tourism professional cooperatives in the Kalajun World Natural Heritage Site as a case point,the basic situation of the cooperative was obtained through field visits and interviews,and the method of case analysis was adopted further to analyze the differences between three operating mechanisms,i.e.,internal governance structure,operation management mechanism and benefit distribution mechanism.It is found by the study that the case cooperatives are represented by three different business models and their organizational nature, labor division system,business norms,and income distribution system are all different.Under the tourism cooperative patterns of “government + cooperative + pastoralist”,“capable person + cooperative + pastoralist”,“government +cooperative + herdman”,two different subjectivity tendencies of “member service orientation” and “market orientation” have been formed,corresponding respectively to the interest distribution systems of “equal participation,equal revenue”,“risk sharing, beneficial competition” and “ taking turns to work,income splitting”.On the positive side,three different patterns of tourism professional cooperatives have made contribution to the realization of local economic,social and ecological functions.However, the operation mechanism of every cooperative has something irrational,for example,Manate Cooperatives has inhibited the members' working enthusiasm by emphasizing excessively fairness of the distribution system;the irregular and unsound management system of Baima Cooperatives weaken its market competitiveness;while the distribution system of “tax commutation” of Jinchanchan Cooperatives has restricted the performance level of the cooperative.Corresponding suggestions for operational mechanism optimization are proposed aiming at different problems existing in the cooperatives.Manati Cooperatives has abolished the current distribution system of average distribution and the labor division system of taking turns to work and adopted the performance appraisal system of “tourist scoring system + taking turns to work” to improve the members' enthusiasm and service quality;Baima Cooperatives should lay emphasis on strengthening the standard management;and Jinchanchan Cooperatives implements the method of labor division in the market free choice system to stimulate the members' awareness of participating in tourism.The purpose of this study is to provide empirical references for the optimization of the operation mechanism of similar cooperatives in other regions.