我国城市养老服务发展70年回顾与前瞻——基于分配-供给-输送-财务四维框架的分析

The Development of Urban Elderly Service in China over the Past Seventy Years:An Analysis Based on the Framework of Allocation, Provision, Delivery and Finance

我国城市养老服务已经过70年的发展,剖析城市养老服务的发展历程对于总结历史经验以及更好地应对人口老龄化挑战具有十分重要的研究意义。基于分配-供给-输送-财务这一社会福利政策的四维分析框架,可以发现我国城市养老服务形成了从三无救济到按需保障、从收养安置到多样服务、从一元供给到多元提供、从政府统支到混合财源的发展路径,但同时也存在着服务的可及性较低与利用率不高、结构失衡化与体系相分离、民办机构供给能力不足、多重筹资困境等问题。未来城市养老服务的主要发展趋势是要确立全民共享的服务分配价值,实现均衡整合的服务供给效果,增强市场能力的服务输送策略,建立政府主导的服务筹资结构。

China’s urban elderly service has gone through 70 years.It has a great significance to analyze the development of urban elderly service for summing up historical experience and better coping with the challenges of population aging.Based on the fourdimensional framework of allocation,provision,delivery and finance,we found that urban elderly service forms a development path from social relief to on-demand service,from institutional service to diversified service,from government monopoly to pluralistic mechanism,from full government funding to mixed financial resources.But there are also some problems,such as low availability and utilization,structural imbalance and system separation,insufficient supply capacity of private institutions,and financing predicament.The main development trends of urban elderly service in the future are to establish the value of allocation shared by all the people,to achieve the effect of balanced and integrated service,to enhance the market capacity of delivery strategy,and to establish a government-led service financing structure.