建筑工人的危险认知偏差特性及成因

Characteristics and Causes of Hazard Cognitive Bias of Construction Workers

为更有效地纠正建筑工人危险认知偏差,预防不安全行为发生,以认知心理学为基础,先采用心理测量方式获取工人的危险认知结果,再以对比方式反映偏差程度,最后对偏差成因进行探索分析。研究表明:(1)工人对事故后果严重性和风险可控性的认知偏差程度较高,对事故发生可能性的认知偏差程度较低;(2)工人进行危险认知时主要依赖经验信息和主观感受,对事故发生可能性进行认知时容易发生代表性偏差和易得性偏差,对事故后果严重性进行认知时容易发生定型效应和锚定效应,对事故风险可控性进行认知时易出现过度自信和达克效应;(3)认知所需的经验信息与实际状况不匹配,认知中过于依赖对危险的主观片面感受,不佳安全氛围的负面影响等是造成工人危险认知偏差的主要原因。

To correct hazard cognition bias of construction workers more effectively,and prevent unsafe behavior occurring,first,hazard cognition results of the workers were obtained by psychological measurement.Then the degree of bias was reflected by contrast.At last the causes of bias were explored and analyzed.All above are based on cognitive psychology.The results show that:(1)the workers have a high degree of cognition bias from severity of the accident and availability of accident risk,and a lower degree of cognition bias from likelihood of accident.(2)hazard cognition of the workers mainly depends on empirical information and subjective feelings.Representativeness bias and availability heuristic,stereotype effect and anchoring effect,overconfidence and Dunning-Kruger effect,which is prone to have when recognizing likelihood of the accident,severity of the accident,and controllability of accident risk.(3)the mismatch between the empirical information and the actual situation,the excessive reliance on the subjective one-sided feeling of danger,and the negative impact of poor safety atmosphere account for hazard cognition bias of the workers.