裕固族的“七族黄番”与大头目

On the Seven Yellow Fan 番 and the Leader-in-Chief of Yugur

作为裕固族全体的“七族黄番”定型于乾隆初,包括东部梨园营所辖大头目家、杨哥家、五个家、八个家、罗儿家和西部红崖营所辖亚拉格家、贺郎格家,共计七个部落。裕固族大头目出自罗儿家。康熙三十五年(1696)率部归清的裕固族囊素(大头目)厄勒者尔顺同时就是罗儿家头目,因为是年清廷颁给该囊素令牌所示牧地与罗儿家牧地范围一致。此后大头目离开罗儿家,在牛心墩滩新建大头目部落。部落平行分治和大头目一人总管是裕固族传统社会运转的两大支点,二者并行不悖。大头目派“摄政”常驻西部亚拉格家充当代表,在古佛寺边区建立曼台直属部落,是其行使总管权的重要表现形式。民国时期,由于“青马”介入和河西邻县影响,大头目的总管权有所弱化,但其权威仍遍及整个裕固“七族”。

The Seven Yellow Fan, including Shkatok otock (Yugur language: tribe), Janga otock, Pajat tavyn otock, Neiman otock, Kurke otock, Jaglaky otock, and Khugungut otock, as a whole named as the Yugurs lately, got into shape in early Qianlong 乾隆 period of the Qing Dynasty. The leader-in-chief of Yugur came from Kurke otock. The Ngang-so (the leader-in-chief) named Kurke-Zheershun who led the Yugurs surrender to the Qing in 1696 was just the head of Kurke otock. The leader-in- chief left Kurke otock and established a new otock in the plain of Niuxin Mound 牛心墩 very soon. A head governed an otock and the leader-in-chief administered all the inter-otock and outside affairs, which was the characteristic of Yugur traditional society. The leader-in-chief sent his agent to Jagla otock and governed the Nanso otock himself, which embodied his authority in the whole Yugur. In the period of Republic China, the interference from Qinghai warlord Ma and the influence from adjacent counties reduced the power of leader-in-chief, but the power still had influence over the whole seven tribe of Yugur.