青藏高原毒草型退化草地治理技术研究进展

Research Progress on Poisonous Weeds Treatment Technology in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

毒草型退化草地是青藏高原高寒草地退化的主要类型之一,毒草型退化草地的毒草丛生、蔓延及其危害已成为草地利用和畜牧业生产中面临的严峻问题,亦是退化草地治理和植被恢复中不容忽视的研究论题。物理、化学、生物防除是目前国内外主要的毒草治理技术。本文以青藏高原藏北棘豆型、祁连山狼毒型、川西北甘南黄帚橐吾型、青海湖海西醉马草型、三江源黑土滩次生毒草型这5类典型的毒草型退化草地为研究对象,综述了青藏高原毒草的基本情况及危害、毒草入侵及扩散机制、青藏高原毒草治理技术,集成了毒草型退化草地恢复技术,以期使毒草的生态地位和经济价值被重视,为青藏高原生态建设提供重要的理论基础。

The degraded grassland of weeds is one of the main types of alpine grassland degradation in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.It is mainly due to the excessive number of rodents such as herbivores and pika,the shortage of pastures and the over-reproduction of poisonous weeds in grassland,which results in the replacement of plant community of high-quality pastures by poisonous weeds.The overgrowth,spread and harm of poisonous weeds in poisonous degraded grassland have become a serious problem in grassland utilization and animal husbandry production,and also a research topic that do not be ignored in the management and vegetation restoration of poisonous degraded grassland.Physical,chemical and biological control is the main technology of poisonous weed control at home and abroad.In this paper,five typical poisonous weeds degraded grasslands in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau were studied,which were Oxytropis-dominated in northern Tibetan plateau,Stellera chamaejasme-dominated in Qilian mountains,Ligularia virgaurea-dominated in northwestern Sichuan and Gannan tibetan autonmous prefecture,Achnatherum inebrians-dominated in Qinghai,and"Blackion Soil Patch"secondary poisonous grass in Three-River Headwaters region.This paper reviewed the basic conditions and hazards of poisonous weeds on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,the mechanism of poisonous weeds invasion and spread,the treatment techniques of poisonous weeds on Qinghai-Tibet plateau,and the restoration technology of poisonous weeds degraded grassland.In order to pay more attention to the ecological status and economic value of the poisonous weeds,it could provide an important theoretical basis for the ecological restoration of Qinghai-Tibet plateau.