对“开启民智”之争的人力资源开发视角的思考

A Human Resource Oriented Reflection on the Debate over “National Wisdom Enlightenment”

开启民智问题来自鸦片战争失败后中国近代先进分子对中华民族遭遇的"亡国灭种"危机的忧思,他们认为只有"广开民智,才能抵御外侮",才能"兴民权",才能实现国家富强。本文首先评析了改良派代表人物康有为、严复和梁启超的开启民智思想观点,他们的共同之处在于认清了"民愚"的根源在于专制统治、纲常名教和传统科举制度,开民智的基本对策就是废除"八股取士",兴办"西学",培养"新民"。其次,本文论述了革命派代表人物章太炎的"竞争生智慧,革命开民智"思想。最后,从人力资源开发视角,分析了辛亥革命前思想家关于开启民智之争的五个方面的经验教训。

The "national wisdom enlightenment" issue evolves from "national subjugation and genocide" haunting modern Chinese progressive intellectuals since the Opium War and onward. In their opinion, only "wide national wisdom enlightenment" could resist foreign aggression, to promote civil rights, and to achieve national prosperity. This paper comments on the "national wisdom enlightenment" of the reformist school represented by KANG Youwei, YAN Fu and LIANG Qichao. They shared a view that national stupidity resulted from the authoritarian governance, feudalist ethnic norms and the classic imperial examination system. A general enlightenment guiding principle was to abolish "Talent Nomination by the Eight-part Essay," to establish "western learning" and to cultivate "New People". Secondly, this paper evaluates ZHANG Taiyan’s revolutionary concepts, namely,"intelligence and national wisdom development achieved through competition and revolution". Finally, this paper makes a human resource development oriented analysis to the experiences and lessons concerning national wisdom enlightenment disputes around the 1911 Revolution.