新中国果树科学研究70年——柿

Fruit scientific research in New China in the past 70 years:Persimmon

中国是柿的原产国之一,也是世界上栽培历史最悠久、面积最大和年产量最多的国家。根据果实能否自然脱涩及其性状遗传特点,现有品种分为完全甜柿(pollination constant&non-astringent,简称PCNA或"甜柿")和非完全甜柿(简称non-PCNA)。其中,甜柿可细分为中国甜柿(CPCNA)和日本甜柿(JPCNA);非完全甜柿又可细分为不完全甜柿(PVNA)、不完全涩柿(PVA)和完全涩柿(PCA)。笔者以我国柿产业中存在的主要问题以及所涉及的科学和关键技术问题为线索,以科学论文、专著、科研项目及其奖励成果,以及人才培养等方面数据为基础,试图对柿科学技术70年的发展历程和主要成就进行归纳和总结。新中国建立之后,尤其是改革开放之后,我国柿学研究得到快速发展。基本摸清柿种质资源"家底",建立了柿品种遗传改良技术体系,并在中国甜柿种质资源评价和利用等方面取得系统的研究成果。未来我国柿产业可持续发展需要重视的问题(:1)持续加大对相关基础研究和技术开发的投入,以稳定规模适当的产业技术研发团队;(2)政府职能部门牵头引进和培植市场主体,由龙头企业、专业合作社、农户组建"产业共同体",以提高产业技术含量和减少市场风险,尤其是避免让农户直接面临销售市场(;3)大力研发与示范果实规模化脱涩保脆技术体系,以提高占主体地位的涩柿产业的经济效益;(4)加大对精深加工产品的研发力度,以提高产品附加值(;5)将传统技术进行现代化改造、将引进技术进行适用性改造,吸收和消化其他果树先进的产业化技术,集成和组装轻简化、标准化优质安全生产技术体系。

China is one of the origin countries of persimmon, and has the longest cultivation history and the largest production area and the annual output in the world. Based on the fruit astringency character and the genetic controls of the astringency trait, persimmon cultivars are classified into pollination constant & non-astringent(PCNA) type and non-PCNA type. The PCNA type persimmon can be further divided into two types based on the genetic control of the PCNA trait, the Chinese PCNA type(CPCNA)and the Japanese PCNA type(JPCNA), while the non-PCNA type can be divided into pollination variant & non-astringent(PVNA) type, pollination-variant & astringent(PVA) type, and pollination constant & astringent(PCA) type according to the relation of astringency loss to the formation and accumulation of volatile compounds in flesh. This review addresses the main problems existing in persimmon industry in China and the involved scientific and key technical problems. Based on scientific papers,monographs, and awarded achievements obtained especially since the reform and opening up, we systematically summarized the development and main achievements in persimmon science and technology in the past seventy years in China. With 70 years’ development, especially since the reform and opening up 40 years ago, we have clarify persimmon germplasm resources in China, established a technology system for genetic improvement of persimmon, and made systematic achievements in the evaluation and utilization of germplasm resources in CPCNA persimmon. Viewed from the present status and developing trends of persimmon industry in China, persimmon research and development is relatively dispersed with lots of repeated works under unstable and insufficient financial support. The enterprises involved in persimmon industry are generally small in scale, especially the processing enterprises, which are mainly"small workshops". And the marketing channel is relatively weak, and the persimmon farmers are facing large risk from market with poor benefits. East Asia is the traditional production area of persimmon. In the recent 10 years, commercial production has also developed in other Asian countries as well as in Europe and the United States. From the perspective of scientific research and industrial technology development, Japan is still at the highest level in the world;other countries such as South Korea, Israel, Spain and Italy are also developing rapidly. In terms of industrial scale, China is the largest country of persimmon production in the world, but there is still a clear gap in per unit area yield and the benefits compared with the developed regions. In recent years, the persimmon industry in Spain has grown rapidly due to the rapid entry of many medium and large enterprises into this field, which has promoted the development of persimmon production technology in all aspects. In the future, for the sustainable development of persimmon industry in China, attention should be paid upon:(1) continue to increase fund support for basic research and technology development to stabilize the industrial technology R & D team with appropriate scale;(2) government involvement in market promotion and organization of the"industrial community"composed of leading enterprises, professional cooperatives and farmers so as to improve "technology content" in the industry and reduce market risks, so that farmers will not directly face the market;(3) development of the large-scale deastringency and crispness-keeping technology system in persimmon fruit, so as to improve the economic benefits of the non-PCNA persimmon industry which occupies the main share;(4) research and development for deep processing to improve the added value of persimmon;(5) modernization of the traditional technology, transformation of the applicability of the introduced technology, adoption and assimilation of the advanced technology in other fruit trees, and construction of labor-saving and standardized system for high-quality and safe production.