马克思之前人类社会发展动力的哲学追问

Philosophical Inquiries into Dynamics of Social Development Before Marx

人类社会的发展动力是揭秘人类社会何以存续的关键,但对人类社会发展动力的追问却是一个哲学难题。在西方,这一追问发端于古希腊,之后持续进行,但直到马克思开创性提出历史唯物主义才第一次对人类社会发展动力问题作出科学的解答。此前,柏拉图和亚里士多德代表的古希腊的美德动力论实质上只是空想出一种可能的理想化的社会形态,其社会秩序是僵化的、一成不变的,缺少进步的和历史的观点;中世纪的神学动力论以及近代的主观意识动力论和唯理主义动力论,分别用上帝、主观意识、目的、理性、理念、精神等客观精神实体把社会发展动力神化、幻化和抽象化了。

The developmental dynamic of human society is the key to explain how human society can exist and develop, but what is the developmental dynamic of human society is a philosophical difficulty. In the west, philosophers tried to answer this question since Ancient Greece, it was not until Marx put forward historical materialism that the question what is developmental dynamic of human society started to get scientific answer. Ancient Greek dynamic theory of virtue that Plato and Aristotle proposed before is substantially fantasy about a possible idealized society form, whose order is ossified and changeless, without progressive and historic viewpoints;Mediaeval dynamic theory of theology and modern ones of subjective idealism and rationalism deified, imaged and understood in a abstract form the dynamic of social development with objective spiritual or mental entities such as god, subjective consciousness, purpose, reason or spirit, and so on.