拉斯柯尔尼科夫的杀人动因——基于舍勒“怨恨”说的考察

Raskolnikov’s Motives for Murder——A Research Based on Schelers Phenomenology of “Resentment”

《罪与罚》中,拉斯柯尔尼科夫为什么会杀死放高利贷的老太婆?这是一桩迷人而颇具挑战性的学术公案。就此问题,学界种种解释各自着眼于拉氏的生存处境、"不平凡的人"学说、精神状态、偶然的遭遇等展开论述,它们照亮了拉氏心灵内部诸多隐秘的褶缝,但也割裂了拉氏复杂而浑整的生命经验。如此,我们得到了多种解释,也得到了多个不完整的拉氏。本文认为,从舍勒的现象学存在论来看,前述解释都忽略了对拉氏生存情绪的考察;拉氏的生存情绪可被视为舍勒所谓的"怨恨",它为拉氏杀人提供了根本动力。在此视角下,拉氏复杂的生命经验也得以保持其原初的浑整性。

In Crime and Punishment, what motivated Raskolnikov to kill the old pawnbroker who practises usury? This is a fascinating and challenging question in academia. In order to answer it, various explanations are given, from Raskolnikov’s survival situation and the theory of the "extraordinary man", to the mental state of Raskolnikov and accidental occurrences in his life. While they illuminate many hidden reservations in Raskolnikov’s heart, they also split the complex and intact life experience of Raskolnikov. On account of these explanations, many incomplete figures of Raskolnikov appear. However, this paper argues that, according to Scheler’s phenomenological ontology, the aforementioned explanations give little attention to Raskolnikov’s survival sentiments, which can be regarded as Scheler’s so-called "Resentment". It is "Resentment" that provides the fundamental driving force for Raskolnikov’s murder. From this perspective, Raskolnikov’s complicated life experience also maintains its original completeness.