以“形式的专制”反“理性的专制”——马尔库塞的审美救赎之路

Against “Rational Despotism” by “Tyranny of Form”——Herbert Marcuse’s Aesthetic Salvation Road

面对西方极权理性对人的爱欲压抑,马尔库塞借鉴俄国形式主义的“形式”内涵,吸收德国浪漫主义美学和弗洛伊德的精神分析说,提出了“形式的专制”。它是马尔库塞用艺术来反抗现实的有力武器,贯穿了他的整个审美救赎之路。“形式的专制”,作为艺术之为艺术不可少的机制,能将审美形式作为理想和现实的中介,一方面通过艺术异在达到对现实的分裂,否定和超越现实;另一方面,通过美的最高法则实现理性和感性的和谐,培育新感性,实现人的爱欲解放。

In the face of the suppression of human desire by the totalitarian rationality in the west,Herbert Marcuse based on the "form" connotation of Russian formalism, absorbed German romantic aesthetics and Freud's theory of psychoanalysis,and put forward“form tyranny”. It is a powerful weapon that Marcuse uses art to resist reality and runs through his whole aesthetic salvation road“. The tyranny of form”,as the indispensable mechanism of art,can take the aesthetic form as the intermediary between the ideal and the reality. On the one hand,“The tyranny of form”divides reality through artistic alienation,thus negating and transcending reality.On the other hand, it realizes the harmony between rationality and sensibility through the supreme law of beauty,cultivates new sensibility,and realizes the liberation of human erotic liberation.