采矿地的生态恢复技术

Ecological restoration technologies for mined lands:A review

矿藏开采给生态环境带来严重破坏 .矿地与尾矿的自然恢复是相当缓慢的 ,有些甚至是不大可能自然恢复的 .本文总结了在过去 2 0年全球发展起来的各种生态恢复技术措施 ,包括基质的改良 ,优良物种的选择等 ,并总结出一套人工恢复的一般步骤 ,分析了目前所存在的评判人工生态恢复成功与否的几种评价体系的优劣 .

Mining activities usually cause catastrophic and extensive environmental changes, and eventually cause major damages to the whole ecosystem. The natural restoration for mine lands and tailings is a very slow process, and even can hardly reach their original states. Therefore, how to develop rapid and efficient approaches to accelerate restoration of mined lands has been highlighted by restorationists and environmental engineers during the past two decades. Almost all studies in this field indicate that the major problems come from soils: such as high metal concentrations, extremely strong acidity resulting from oxidation of pyrite, and poor fertility. Replacement of topsoil is therefore regarded as the most efficient method to alleviate adverse conditions of substrates; if this method is not available,other alternatives with lime, fertilizers, organic manures, garbage, mining wastes, and others will be applicable. In the aspect of using plants, species with strong resistance and rapid growth, like grasses and herbaceous legume, are always the first choice. If utilizing plants for the purpose of phytoremediation,species that are capable of accumulating exceptionally high concentrations of phytotoxic metals and of course, have a huge biomass,are preferably considered. No matter what type of ecosystem a mined land is restored or reclaimed to, an evaluation on whether it is a successful restoration or reclamation should be given. However, more practical, simple, and universal evaluation methods as well as more cost effective, and operation easy restoration techniques are still waiting to be developed. A set of artificial restoration methods that can be widely applied was summarized, and a discussion on the advantage and disadvantage of several evaluation systems was conducted in this review.