50年来华北地区主栽小麦品种的产量和N的吸收

Yield and Nitrogen Uptake by Winter Wheat Cultivars Developed during the Past Fifty Years in North China

试验以华北地区过去50年中生产上有代表性的10个冬小麦品种为材料,研究了小麦品种在历史演变过程中对 N 的吸收和分配。老品种由于倒伏的原因,地上生物产量及子粒产量均较新品种低,导致了较低的 N 吸收总量和 N 收获指数(子粒 N/地上总 N)。但子粒 N%在新老品种间无明显差异。这些结果表明,在过去50年中,小麦品种的子粒产量对 N 的吸收和分配通过遗传育种得到了改进,而这种改进在很大程度上是通过品种抗倒性的增强实现的。鉴于倒伏仍是目前小麦生产中进一步高产的限制因素,本文认为,今后的小麦育种工作仍应高度重视动态样型设计,培育在高 N 肥条件下具有合理动态株型的品种,从而争取在产量潜力上取得新的突破。

Ten winter wheat cultivars developed during the past 50 years in North China were used to determine their nitrogen(N)uptake and distribu- tion.The older cultivars had less total N uptake and N harvesL index,as well as less total dry matter production and grain yield,than the newers because of their severe lodging.N percentage in grain was similar for all cultivars regardless of the year of development.These results suggest that in addition to grain yield,N uptake and distribution in wheat has been also improved by selec tion in the past 50 years,this improvement might have been achieved,in an important part,through an enhanced lodging resistance.It is suggested that further breeding goals of wheat would include the conception of evolutionary type of wheat plant so as to develop new culLivars with higher yield potential under the condition of increasing N fertilizer application rate.