康熙《皇舆全览图》与《乾隆十三排图》中广西地区测绘内容的比较研究

A Comparative Study on the Contents of Guangxi Area Depicted on Huangyu quan lan tu in Kangxi Reign and Shisan pai tu in Qianlong Reign

本文以广西地区为例,借助ArcGIS和相关历史文献,对我国首次大范围实测、并用经纬坐标绘制的康熙《皇舆全览图》及之后的《乾隆十三排图》进行比较研究。在对两图中绘制的广西地区进行地理配准、人工数字化并建立相应的属性表之后,分别对两图中的水系形态及分布、山名数量、府县政区名称及一些聚落通名的数量进行比对。我们认为,《乾隆十三排图》和康熙《皇舆全览图》在广西地区皆使用同样的坐标系,两图的水系几乎完全吻合。不同的是,乾图的坐标系平均比康图偏北0.6分、偏东7.8分,图面内容也较康图丰富,其中政区及聚落名称较康图的489条增加了1.7倍,山、岭、洞等自然地物名较康图的376条增加了68%。乾图上广西的边界及府、州名的绘制及时反映了雍正时期对本区治理之后的变化,故乾图是在继承康图基础之上,增补大量地理信息,尤其是聚落名称和山名之后完成的。

This article is a comparative study on the contents of Guangxi Area depicted respectively on Huangyu quan lan tu in Kangxi Reign(Overview maps of Imperial Territories in Kangxi Reign)and Shisan pai tu in Qianlong Reign(Qianlong Map in Thirteen Rows).While both of them are surveyed maps with longitude and latitude coordinates,Huangyu quan lan tu in Kangxi Reign is the first surveyed atlas of China applying modern survey technology,and Shisan pai tu in Qianlong Reign was its enlarged edition 50 years later.After georeferencing and artificial digitization of Guangxi Area on these two atlases,we compare the drainage distribution,the amount of mountain names,the names of administrative regions and the general names of some settlements between them based on the analysis of historical literature and quantitative comparison of the attribute tables of these two atlases.It has the following conclusions:first,Shisan pai tu in Qianlong Reign applied the same coordinate as that of Huangyu quan lan tu in Kangxi Reign.However,the coordinate of the latter is 0.6 minute northward and 7.8 minutes eastward of the former;second,the distribution patterns of the rivers on the two atlases are matched;third,there are more geographical elements depicted on Shisan pai tu in Qianlong Reign than on Huangyu quan lan tu in Kangxi Reign.The number of the administrative regions and settlements on Shisan pai tu in Qianlong Reign is 1296,a 165%increase from 489 entries on Huangyu quan lan tu in Kangxi Reign,and the number of names of natural elements such as mountains,hills and caves on the former increased by 68%from 376 entries on the latter.Fourth,the boundary of Guangxi and its counties and prefectures depicted on Shisan pai tu in Qianlong Reign reflects the changes by the management of Yongzheng emperor who lived between Kangxi and Qianlong reigns.Those changes prove that Shisan pai tu in Qianlong Reign,though based on Huangyu quan lan tu in Kangxi Reign,was not only its simple copy,but a revised edition with more geographic information.