孔德和涂尔干论社会研究中的本体论——从拒斥到发掘其科学意蕴

The Ontological Problems in the Social Studies of Comte and Durkheim: From Rejecting to Exploring Its Scientific Implications

孔德开创的实证社会学源于一种立足于社会事实而不是抽象观念的方式研究社会的科学动机。涂尔干认识到,孔德有关事实的观点太狭隘了。事实绝非仅仅是感觉经验的对象。感觉经验只能认识事实的外部特征,而要真正把握事实的本质,必须考虑事实在整体中的结构关联和功用。社会事实受到社会规则和集体意识的制约。社会中的个体作为社会的组成部分在社会整体的结构中发挥各自的功能,并受到社会整体系统的约束和调整。每个个体的人都会死亡,其意识会随着其亡而消逝,但社会的集体意识(思想方式、观念形态和价值取向等)会依存社会的结构而保存下来且影响一代又一代人。涂尔干对社会事实的考察,揭示了社会本体论的科学意蕴。

The empirical sociology initiated by Auguste Comte originated from a scientific motivation to study society based on social facts rather than abstract ideas.émile Durkheim recognized that Comte’s view of facts was too narrow.Facts are not merely the objects of sensory experience,through which we can only find the external characteristics of facts.To truly grasp the essence of facts,we must consider the structural correlation and function of facts in the whole.Social facts are constrained by social rules and collective consciousness.As a part of society,individuals in society play their respective functions in the overall structure of society and are restrained and adjusted by the overall system of society.Every individual will die,and his consciousness will disappear with his death,but the collective consciousness of society(way of thinking,ideology and value orientation,etc.)will depend on the structure of society and be preserved to affect generation after generation.Durkheim’s investigation of social facts reveals the scientific implication of social ontology.