《左传》繇词与早期韵体形式的产生

The Eulogy of Zuo Zhuan and the Emergence of the Early Rhymes

《左传》中言及卜筮活动且称引其卜筮辞为'繇'者,前后凡六次,古人常以之为卦爻辞之别称,亦偶有古人认识到繇词(辞)作为诗体韵语的修辞本质和文体特征。实际上《左传》中所引之繇词不同于一般的卜筮辞,应是在《周易》产生之前就已存在的诸多筮辞,且多为当时具流传性的口头民间歌谣,因而其之于确定早期韵语体式的历史形成过程,亦有着重要价值。此一点,常为易学研究者和古代文学史研究者所忽视。在发生学意义上,繇词的存在显示着由散文式的占卜辞到上古诗体形式的过渡阶段;从形式批评的角度,我们可以清晰地看出语言形式的整饬与修辞审美的历史渐进过程,亦可梳理出其作为经文韵体对于后世民间诗体的影响及隐在的传承关系。由此出发,我们亦可见出这些卜辞和筮辞,特别是以简短韵语构成的繇辞体式,作为富含口头歌谣传统的文本单元,是如何嵌入到《左传》、《国语》、《周礼》等先秦典籍的书写中的,其雕饰和俪对的语体特征又是如何内含着上古韵语的兴起以及早期韵体观念的发生。

In Zuo Zhuan,the word'yao'are mentioned six times concerning the divination activities.It was considered as another name of hexagrams,and'yaoci'(eulogy)was occasionally recognized as a rhetorical and stylistic form of poetic rhymes.In fact,the eulogies quoted in Zuo Zhuan are different from the general divinations.They are supposed to have existed before the publication of Zhou Yi,and most of them were oral folk songs that were circulated at that time.Thus it has important value in the research of the historical formation process of the early rhyme.From the genetic perspective,the existence of eulogies shows the transitional stage from prose-style divination to ancient poetic form;from the perspective of formal criticism,we can clearly see the historical process of linguistic form and rhetorical aesthetics.We can also sort out the influence of the rhyme as a scripture on the folk poetry of the later generations and their hidden relationship.From this,we can also see these inscriptions and rhetoric,especially in the form of a short rhyme,as a text unit rich in oral traditions,how it is embedded in Zuo Zhuan,Guo Yu,Zhou Li in the writing of the pre-Qin classics,and how the literary features of the rhetoric and are related to the rise of the ancient rhymes and the emergence of early rhymes.