行政化与去行政化:晚清学部成立前后京师大学堂的定位与发展

Administerization and De-administerization:The Orientation and Development of Imperial University of Peking before and after the Establishment of the Ministry of Education (XueBu) in late Qing Dynasty

京师大学堂在成为中国第一所近代官办综合性大学的同时,也获得了兼管全国教育的行政管理职能,它具有近代大学教育机构和中央教育行政管理机构的双重身份。至1905年清朝学部成立,其中央教育管理职能被取消,京师大学堂经历了行政化与去行政化的演变。论文在大量材料和数据分析的基础上,探讨了京师大学堂具有'行政化'色彩的原因以及对其发展的影响,认为京师大学堂不仅仅是教育改革的成果,更是维新变法中政治博弈的产物,参与了近代中国国家形成的进程。论文还通过对京师大学堂在拥有和摆脱全国教育管理权力前后的定位及发展的比较,阐述了行政权力因素在大学发展中的双重作用:一方面,行政权力和行政资源有助于学校获得发展的优势资源;另一方面,行政管理权的行使耗费大量人力物力,其行政事务的繁杂和行政伦理的要求又会累及学校教育和学科学术的独立自由发展。因此,行政权力对大学发展的影响是一把双刃剑。

Established as the first government-run modern comprehensive university in China, Imperial University of Peking was also delegated to administrative power of national education. It had the dual roles of modern education institution and central administration institution. In 1905, with the establishment of the Ministry of Education in the Qing Dynasty, the University’s government’s role was abolished. Based on archive studies and data analysis, the paper discusses the reasons and consequences of highly "administratization" of Imperial University of Peking. The author argues that the establishment of Imperial University of Peking was not only the result of the educational reform, but also the product of the political struggle of the Hundred Days’ Reform, and it was part of the process of the formation of the modern Chinese state. The paper also expounds the university’s dual roles in the development of the university. On one hand,administrative power and resources could help the university to obtain the more resources for development; on the other hand, the exercise of administrative power consumed a lot of energy and material resources. The complexity of administrative affairs and the requirements of administrative ethics were burdens on the independence and free development of university education and academic discipline. Therefore, the influence of administrative power on the development of universities was a double-edged sword.