论一战后法国对西非殖民地的“联合”政策

The Association Policy of French West Africa since the First World War

19世纪末法属西非殖民地确立以来,法国一直实行以'封建解放'和'直接接触'为特征的'同化'政策。到'一战'前后,法属西非政府意识到'同化'政策难以为继。由于殖民地开化精英阶层的出现,法国文明使命观念的变化,以及帝国本土政治和文化的影响,殖民政府对于非洲传统统治者态度发生转变。在当时的民族志研究的支持下,法国转而实行保护土著结构的'联合'政策。'联合'政策有效遏制了'开化精英'的政治诉求,并且赢得了此前反叛的酋长的忠诚。在非洲社会剧烈变迁的背景下,'联合'政策既要将酋长塑造成社会变革工具,又试图维持其'传统'合法性,这一内在悖论注定了'联合'政策难以实现。

Since the foundation of French West Africa,French had taken the policy of assimilation,with the character of'feudal liberation'and'direct engagement'.After the First World War,French West Africa authorities recognized that the'assimilation'policy could not sustain.With the emergence ofévolués elites,the transformed French mission for civilization,and the political culture of metropolitan France,colonial government had altered its policy towards the traditional rulers.With the support of ethnographic study,French colonial authorities took the policy of'association'to preserve the traditional authority structure.This'association'policy had not only effectively curbed the demand of theévolués,but also won the support of the allegiance of traditional chiefs.Against the background of rapid social changes,this'association'policy sought to shape the chieftain as the method of social changes,meanwhile also trying to maintain its'traditional'legitimacy;this contradiction determined that'association'policy could not succeed.