北京市门头沟区煤矸石堆积地不同恢复方式植被特征及植被恢复方法

Characteristics of Vegetation on the Coal Gangue with Different Recovery Ways in Mentougou in Beijing and Summary of Vegetation Restoration Methods

调查北京市门头沟区东部自然恢复与人工修复的煤矸石堆积地植被特征,比较分析2种不同恢复方式以及不同恢复年限的样地植被恢复状况。植被调查采用样方法,共统计植物69种,隶属35科63属,其中禾本科、菊科、豆科、蔷薇科为优势科。自然恢复样地植物共25种,隶属17科24属;人工修复样地植物共63种,隶属32科58属。自然恢复群落中臭椿、榆树、荆条的重要值较高,是群落的建群种;人工修复的群落中榆树、油松的优势明显。草本层中猪毛菜、地肤、野古草、紫苜蓿和白莲蒿属于恢复的先锋植物,且在群落中优势地位明显。随着终止排矸年限和植被恢复年限的增加,植物群落物种丰富度将增加;人工修复群落的物种多样性整体高于自然恢复群落。提出煤矸石堆积地适生植物材料的选择原则,通过优势度等指标筛选出符合植被恢复要求的植物材料,构建恢复植被群落模式,并总结出适合煤矸石堆积地的立地条件改良技术和植物种植技术。

Taking eastern part of Mentougou District in Beijing as research areas, a survey on vegetation characteristics of natural re-vegetation and artificial revegetation of coal gangue was carried out to analyze and compare two different recovery modes and different life restoration plots of vegetation. Quadrat sampling method was adopted. There were 69 species of plants, which belong to 35 families, 63 genera. Gramineae, Asteraceae, Leguminosae, Rosaceae are dominant families. 25 species belonging to 17 families and 24 genera were found in the natural restoration plots and artificial re-vegetation plots had 63 species, which belong to 32 families and 58 genera. In the natural restoration community, Ailanthus altissima, Ulmus pumila and Vitex negundo var. heterophylla had high important values, and in artificial restoration communities Ulmus pumila and Pinus tabulaeformis had obvious advantages. In the herbaceous layer, Salsola collina, Kochia scoparia, Arundinella anomala, Medicago sativa and Artemisia sacrorum are pioneer species. Species richness increase as re-vegetation taking place. Species diversity in artificial restoration is higher than that in natural restoration community. The study proposes principle of species selection in coal gangue, then chooses species through dominance index and design plant community to meet the requirements of the vegetation restoration. In addition, soil improvement and planting technologies are summed up.