《周礼》中的司法官联制度论析

Inquiries into the Associated Offices of Judicature in the Rites of Zhou

不管是在同一系统之中,还是在不同的系统之中,《周礼》各个官职之间都存在"联事通职"的情况,事无大小,皆有"官联"。使官员们之间必须互相配合,相互依存,相互制约,从而构成了一个完整的司法系统。所以《周礼》治官之法,处处浸透着"治民之人者"的"术"。不过,作者所描述的设官分职又如此有组织、有条理、有系统,对一些制度的描述也非常细致,不大可能完全是向壁虚造。所以,《周礼》的修订应该是在前朝官制基础上参照了许多春秋战国时的制度,并进行了一定的规范化、理想化。但《周礼》作者所设计的"一事由数官共举"的"官联"制度,不仅可以使各职官之间相互监督,也可以相互牵制,防止舞弊。而这种君权高度集中,臣权严密制衡,行政干预司法,二者交叉混合的制度则对中国后世封建社会的政治实践产生了重大影响。

The officials in the Rites of Zhou existed the Situation of joint duty not only in the same systems but also in the different Bureaucratic systems. Between officials must mmutual supervise and check for constituting the integrity of the judicial system.Therefore,the law of management officials had revealed the political trickery of ruler.But,the author described the organized and systematic agency so that the system of the Rites of Zhou wasn't fiction. the amendment of he Rites of Zhou surely consulted the system of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.The author designed the system of the associated offices that could prevent officials from corrupting.Moreover,the system not only caused power concentrated into the hands of monarch but also lead to executive interference into the judiciary.In a word,the system of the associated offices had a significant impact on the political of the later feudal society.