权利与义务视阈下刑事缺席审判程序的理论展开

Theoretical Development about the Procedure of Criminal Trials in Absentia from the Perspectives of Rights and Obligations

审判时被告人在场是实现公正审判的一项前提条件。义务视阈下被告人在场主要强调效率价值与案件真实的发现,权利视阈下更多关注司法公正与被告人的人权保障。在审判阶段被告人'应到而未到庭'时,即启动刑事缺席审判程序,以作为对席审判的例外情况。从制度的发展来看,该程序可被归纳为'程序制裁型'和'程序便利型'两种模式,其中后者又包括'义务豁免''权利放弃'两种类型。刑事缺席审判的制度设计应该以'便利当事人'为目的,遵循刑事诉讼的基本构造,基于此,被告人已经死亡的不该成为缺席审判的情形;要充分保障被追诉人的知情权、救济权和获得辩护权,避免制度落入'程序制裁'的窠臼,兼顾公正与效率的平衡,守住公平与正义的底线。

The presence of defendants in court is a precondition for the realization of a fair trial.The perspective of obligations mainly emphasizes the efficiency value and the truth discovery of the case.Meanwhile,the perspective of rights pays more attention to the judicial justice and the guarantee of human rights.When a defendant should attend but not appear in court at the trial stage,the procedure of criminal trials in absentia will initiate as an exception to the normal trial.From the view of the development of the procedure,it can be classified into procedural sanctions and procedural convenience two modes,among which the latter includes the exemption from obligations and abandon of rights two types.The procedure of criminal trials in absentia should be designed with the purpose of making the parties convenient and follow the basic structure of criminal proceedings.Therefore,the proceedings against the deceased defendant should not be a circumstance of criminal trial in absentia.Fully protect the right to be informed,the right of judicial remedy,and the right of defense,so as to avoid falling into the procedural sanctions.The operation of the procedure should achieve a balance between justice and efficiency,hold the bottom line of fairness and justice.