“非国家行为体”对使用武力法的挑战与发展——兼评“不能或不愿”测试

The Challenges and Development of Non-State Actors to the Law on Use of Force: Comment on the “Unwilling and Unable” Test

随着包括恐怖分子在内的非国家行为体在武力使用中的作用凸显,传统国际法上调整国家主体的武力使用规则受到挑战。虽然国家有权对其领土范围内的非国家行为体采取适当武力措施,但是对其领土范围外的非国家行为体使用武力,在未经后者所在国同意的情况下,只能限制在国际法允许的联合国安理会授权情况下,或者单独或集体行使自卫权条件下。尽管国际法院和前南刑庭分别针对私人与有组织团体的行为归因于国家提出'有效控制'与'全面控制'标准,但是为单独针对非国家行为体行使自卫权的新情势留下了空白。近年来国家实践和公法学说发展出一种新的标准——'不能或不愿'测试。尽管该测试争议较大且尚未形成习惯法,但为平衡一国自卫权与另一国领土主权提供了有益尝试,体现出非国家行为体对使用武力法发展的影响。

With the increasing role of non-state actors in use of force,the conventional rules of use of force to which only States are subjects is challenged.Although States may take military measures against non-State actors within its territory under certain conditions,use of force against non-State actors outside its territorial territory may,without the consent of the latter’s host country,be restricted only to the conditions of the authorization of the Security Council,or the individual or collective rights of self-defense under international law.Although ICJ and ICTY respectively invoked the standard of'effective control'and'overall control'in the assessment of attribution of private individuals and organized armed groups to states,the current state practice and public international law doctrines are developing a new standard under which direct self-defence against non-state actors can be exercised,i.e.,'unable or unwilling'test.Although this standard is controversial and has not yet formed customary international law,it provides a useful attempt to balance one state’s right to self-defence and another’s territorial sovereignty,reflecting the impact of non-state actors on the development of the rules of use of force.