环境规制的权力行使与制度约束——美国谢弗林案的借鉴

Power Exercise and Institutional Restrictions of Environmental Regulation: Lessons Learned from the American Chevron Case

由于环境问题内在的科技复杂性和利益多元性,规制机构被赋予了一定的自由裁量权来确立环境规制的强度、平衡规制中的利益或风险以及选择可以实现规制目的工具。这一自由裁量权的大小往往取决于相关法律的立法模式、立法授权或立法目的,而其行使规则和方式则受到规制机构的行政解释、对规制工具的偏好、司法审查的边界和标准、企业的规制游说以及社会力量的监督等多种因素的塑造和约束。环境规制机构应当利用自己的专业特长,通过制定符合法律的行政解释、规制规则、技术标准,合理的选择能最大实现规制效率的工具,依法做出行政行为,以实现对环境公共利益的保护。

Due to the inherent scientific complexity and diversity of interests in environmental issues,regulatory agencies are given some discretion to establish the intensity of environmental regulation,balance various interests or risks in regulation and choose regulatory instruments that can achieve the goal of regulation.The space of this discretion often depends on the legislative model,legislative authorization or legislative purpose of the relevant laws.The rules and methods of regulation are also shaped and restrained by administrative interpretation of regulatory agencies,preference for regulatory tools,boundaries and standards of judicial review,regulatory capture of enterprises and supervision of social forces.Environmental regulatory agencies should make use of their professional expertise,formulate administrative interpretation,regulatory rules,and technical standards in accordance with the law,select reasonable tools to maximize regulatory efficiency and take administrative actions in a legal way,so as to protect the public interests of the environment.