苏维埃宪法的历史命运

The Historical Destiny of Soviet Constitution

俄国"十月革命"推翻了资产阶级临时政府,从而创造了一个新的世界。革命的胜利成果需要法律予以巩固,而最为重要的就是获得苏维埃宪法的确认。这些宪法包括1918年《苏俄宪法》以及响应"十月革命"成立的其他各苏维埃共和国制定的宪法、苏联成立后的3部联盟宪法和根据权限各加盟共和国制定的宪法。1918年《苏俄宪法》是第一部社会主义类型的宪法,确定了社会主义发展方向和建设共产主义的宏伟目标,因此具有开创性意义。1924年《苏联宪法》只有联盟成立宣言和条约两部分内容,面向世界各国,新成立的社会主义国家都可加入,更具开放性。1936年《斯大林宪法》是苏联一国建设社会主义的宪法,在形式上和内容上更为完备,是典型的苏维埃社会主义宪法。1977年《苏联宪法》是兑现建成共产主义的一部宪法,但由于文本与现实的巨大差距,需要通过不断调整宪法条款以实现许诺的建成共产主义社会的目标。最后,苏联执政者选择取消共产党的当然执政党地位,从而导致了苏联的迅速解体和苏维埃社会主义制度的彻底崩溃,苏维埃社会主义宪法也随之寿终正寝,俄罗斯又回到了"十月革命"前的资本主义老路。这样的结局令人始料不及,更值得我们深思。

October Revolution in Russia overthrew the bourgeois provisional government and created a new world. The victory of the revolution required the consolidation of the law, and more importantly, the confirmation of the Soviet Constitution. The Constitution includes: the 1918 Soviet Constitution; constitutions promulgated by other Soviet nations following the example of October Revolution; the three union constitutions after the Soviet Union was formed; and the constitutions enacted by other republics within their jurisdictions. The 1918 Soviet Constitution was the first socialist constitution and determined the direction of socialist development and the grand goal of building communism, therefore having groundbreaking significance. The 1924 Soviet Union Constitution only contains two parts: the declaration of and the treaty on the creation of the union. It was more open, aimed at all countries of the world, and allowed all the newly formed socialist countries to join in. The 1936 Stalin Constitution established the socialist state, which was more complete in form and content, and was a typical Soviet socialist constitution. The 1977 Soviet Union Constitution constitutionally adopted the ideology of communism. However, the huge gap between text and reality forced the government to constantly adjust the constitutional provisions in order to realize the promise of establishing a communist society, which consequently led to the cancellation of the communist party's ruling role, the rapid dissolution of the Soviet Union and the collapse of the soviet socialist system. The Soviet socialist constitution accordingly came to the end of its life and the Russian system also went back to what it had been before the October Revolution. Such an outcome is unexpected, and deserves close studies.