湘西苗族“椎牛神辞”的口承文本研究

Study on the Text of Oral Tradition from Words of God during the Cattle(Zhui Niu) Worship of Miao People in Xiangxi

湘西苗族椎牛仪式的历史记载,目前可见的最早文献当属宋代朱辅撰写的《溪蛮丛笑》。目前学界或将湘西苗族椎牛及其相关活动作为一种仪式现象进行描述性研究,或将椎牛看作湘西苗族特殊风俗习惯活动而进行功能和价值研究,或将椎牛看作苗族与外部族群碰撞的实例加以研究。上述研究基本都是将椎牛作为整体性的对象进行探讨,虽然很好的展现了椎牛在不同学科视域下的状态,却也消解了湘西苗族“祭大祖”的独特性,同时也忽略了对椎牛的核心内容“神辞”的研究。因此,有必要在文本、传说和田野的基础上着重对湘西苗族椎牛神辞进行探讨。

ccording to the historical records of the Cattle(Zhui Niu)Worship by Miao people in Xiangxi,the earliest literature available is so called“Xi Man Cong Xiao”written by Zhu Fu inSong Dynasty.At present,the academic circles have carried out descriptive research oncattle(Zhui Niu)worship by Miao people in Xiangxi and its related activities as a ceremonial phenomenon.These functional and value studies regard cattle(Zhui Niu)worship as a special custom and habitual activity of the Miao people in Xiangxi.Research studies made as cattle(Zhui Niu)worship are also regarded as the an example of the collision between the Miao and the external ethnic groups.The above fundamental studies basically take cattle(Zhui Niu)worship as the object of integrity.As a result,the state of cattle(Zhui Niu)worship under different disciplines is well demonstrated,but the very uniqueness of“sacrifice to the Great Ancestor”by Miao people in Xiangxi is also eroded.At the same time,the study on the core content,the words of god(Shen Ci),during the Cattle(Zhui Niu)Worship is also missed.On the basis of the text,mythology and field study,this paper focused on the discussion of the mouthpiece text of words of god from the Cattle(Zhui Niu)Worship by Miao nationality in Xiangxi.