汉代“歌诗”的政治律例之义谫论——基于“作为法律的文学”视角

On Political Statutes in Han Dynasty Poetry——From the Perspective of “Literature as Law”

特定思想、制度语境中的文学文本实际具有政治律例的功能,即“作为法律的文学”,非止于承载法律元素、表达法律主题而已。法律社会学视域中,蕴含政治意涵、以谣谚为形式的汉代“歌诗”即是。在郡县制度与“过秦论”、经学谶纬、术数占候等思想与知识营构的政治文化语境中,“歌诗”实乃秦亡教训、天道法则的一种喻体,已经超越封建时代观风知政之舆论载体的形式意义,被纳入天道构建、历史传统与现实政治诠释的思维模式之中,构成制礼乐、正情性、立人伦等政治治术的内容和辨妖祥、推得失、考天心等政治术数的工具,成为一种具有政治规制功能的特殊律例。

The“Literature as Law”,which is not only carrying legal elements and expressing legal themes,has the function of a political statute as a literary text in the specific ideological and institutional context.From the perspective of legal sociology,Han dynasty poetry,with folk proverb as the form,has political implication.In the context constructed by the system of prefectures and counties(郡县制度),and sorts of thoughts or knowledge such as Criticisms on Qin(过秦论),study of Confucian classics and divination combined with mystical Confucian belief(经学谶纬),Divining(术数占候),the Han dynasty poetry as a vehicle of the lesson of Qin s perdition and the natural law is more than just the carrier of the public opinion in the feudal era.It has been taken into the thinking mode of theoretical construction of Tao and interpretation of tradition and current politics.It has been part of the governing idea,such as creating rituals and music,cultivating temper and sentiment,building the human relations,and the tool of political divination,such as identifying the coming fortune or misfortune,forecasting the gain or loss,conjecturing the will of heaven,becoming a kind of special statute which has the function of political regulation.