音位确立中最小对立对方法的错误兼及置换方法和音位率的概念

The Error of the Minimal Pair Method in the Establishment of Phonemes and Its Replacement Method and the Concept of Phoneme Rate

在某种语言中,两种不同的音是否归属于一个音位,通常由两种方式证明,其一是较直观的、采用外在词汇对比方式的最小对立对(minimal pair)方法,其二是较抽象的、采用内部划分多维度分析的区分性特征方法(distinctive feature)。本文将展示最小对立对方法中因错误地将全称命题理解为存在性命题造成的逻辑错误,以及实践最小对立对方法中遇到的困难,并指出相关补救措施的不可行性。此外,本文将提出新的置换方法,该方法在逻辑上更为健全,操作更为简便,对各类特例的抗干扰能力强。同时本文将提出“音位率”以及与之相对的“音位变体率”(allophonity)的概念,将音位的概念量化、精确化。“音位率”的概念有助于区分和联系语音、音位、语义三者的研究层次,并且能与其他音位研究的概念(比如区分性特征方法)基本兼容。

In a language,whether two different tones belong to one phoneme is usually proved by two methods.One is the more intuitive minimal pair method using external lexical contrast.The other is a more abstract,distinctive feature method that uses internal partitioning for multidimensional analysis.This paper will show the logic error caused by incorrectly interpreting the full proposition as an existential proposition in the minimum minimal pair method,as well as the difficulties encountered in practicing the minimum pair method,and point out the infeasibility of the relevant remedial measures.In addition,this paper will propose a new replacement method,which is more logically sound,easier to operate,and more resistant to various special cases.At the same time,this paper will propose the concept of"phoneme rate"and its corresponding"allophonity",which quantify and refine the concept of phoneme.The concept of"phoneme rate"helps to distinguish and relate the research level of speech,phoneme and semantics,and can be basically compatible with other concepts of phoneme research,such as the distinctive feature method.