生态系统服务价值测度模式与方法

Measurement modalities and methodologies of ecosystem services valuation

为了更好地权衡人类福祉与经济发展之间、生态系统各类服务之间的关系,加速生态系统服务价值评估成为全世界生态保护与可持续发展政策制定面临的首要难题。总结了原始价值评估和价值转移两类主要的生态系统服务评估测度模式,侧重概述了价值转移的涵义、类型、历史研究、应用限制及现有的可用于价值转移的有代表性的数据库,在此基础之上归纳两类测度模式的优势和普遍存在的局限性。总体而言,基于生态功能的原始评估更适用于地区尺度的精细化管理,评估准确但相对难度大、耗时长、成本高;基于相似生境的价值转移方法更适用于国家或区域尺度进行估判和分级,估值快速但相对信息少、不确定性大、影响因素多。其后还介绍了集成了一类或多类测度模式中不同方法的综合评估模型与工具。通过分析当前主流的评估方法与日益增长的评估需求之间的矛盾,结合生态系统服务级联,最终提出基于关键生态系统特征建立简化预测模型的评估思路,目的是为了简化传统评估过程、缩短评估周期,完善并发展以往的价值转移,推动生态系统服务多尺度、大范围的摸底清查。

To achieve a good trade?off between human well?being and economic development,and among ecosystem services,accelerated valuation of ecosystem services is the primary challenge for policy makers of ecological protection and sustainable development throughout the world.In this paper,two main measurement methods of ecosystem services valuation(ESV)are summarized:primary valuation and benefit transfer.And an overview of the latter is provided,including the conception,types,historical research,application constraints,and existing representative databases available for benefit transfer.Based on these,the advantages and general limitations of the two measurement methods are described,which show that the primary valuation based on ecological functions is more applicable on a local scale for fine management,is accurate but relatively difficult,time?consuming,and costly,whereas the benefit transfer based on similar habitats is more applicable on national or regional scales for estimation and rating,is fast but provides little information and has large uncertainties and many influencing factors relatively.Subsequently,the integrated valuation models and tools for combining different methods in one or more measurement modalities are also presented.Furthermore,by analyzing the contradiction between the current mainstream valuation methods and the increasing assessment requirements,and referring to the ecosystem services cascade,we finally propose to establish a simplified predictive valuation model based on key ecosystem characteristics.The objective is to simplify the traditional valuation process,shorten the cycle,improve the previous benefit transfer,and promote the multi?scale and wide?scale inventory of ecosystem services as soon as possible.