“廓然大公”与“无所偏倚”——王阳明“四句教”之“无善无恶”原义探微

Being“the Open-minded and Selfless” and “the Unbiased”: Exploration of the Original Meaning of Wang Yangming’s “Four-Sentences Instruction”

基于“四句教”先于嘉靖六年“天泉证道”的事实性前提,《稽山承语》第25条是考察阳明“四句教”最基本的文献,并以之推定阳明提出“四句教”的时间当在嘉靖四年十月至嘉靖五年春末之间。阳明对“正心”、“未发之中”的诠释,揭示心体“廓然大公”、“无所偏倚”的本质。以“廓然大公”、“无所偏倚”为本质,心体在“发用”上呈现出“物来而顺应”的特点。心体“廓然大公”与“无所偏倚”的本质,是阳明“四句教”“无善无恶”的基本义理,“四句教”“无善无恶”的提出,是对心体“廓然大公”、“无所偏倚”本质的概括。

Based on the factual premise of“four-sentence instruction”prior to the“Tianquan Zhengdao”in 1527,Article 25 of Jishan Chengyu is the most basic document to examine Yangming’s“four-sentence instruction”,and it is presumed that it was be-tween the October 1525 and the end of spring in 1526 when Yang Ming proposed the“four-sentence instruction”.Yang Ming’s in-terpretation of“Zhengxin(righteousness)”and“Wei Fa Zhi Zhong(neutrality of the yet happened)”reveals the essence of the“the Open-minded and Selfless”and“the Unbiased”.Taking“the Open-minded and Selfless”and“the Unbiased”as the essence,the mind is characterized by“adhering to the objectiveness”when in practice“.The essence of“the Open-minded and Selfless”and“the Unbiased”in the mind is the basic rationale of“four sentences instruction”and“no good and no evil”of Yangming.The“four sen-tences instruction”and“no good and no evil”were proposed to generalize the essence of“the Open-minded and Selfless”and“the Unbiased”for the heart and mind.