“清水江文书”中的“执照”再探

A Further Study of the License in Qingshuijiang Documents

清末民初,贵州清水江流域保存着较多的土地管业执照和纳粮执照,它们是保障土地所有权和征收赋税的官方文字凭证,是清水江文书中最常见的执照类型。除上述两类执照外,通过调研发现清水江流域还存留着陆军部执照、验枪执照、吸户执照、禁烟执照、捐票执照、纳户执照等内容丰富形式迥异的档案文书,它们集中反映了当时政府从政治、经济、文化上对该地的行政管辖与经济控制,这种控制力量深深根植于苗侗民众生活的各个方面,通过“执照”这一特殊文体得以展现出来。

At the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, Guizhou Qingshuijiang area preserved many licenses for land property and tax payments in rice, the most common Qingshuijiang documents which were the official certificate that supported the local people’s land-ownership assurance and tax imposition. In addition to the above two types of licenses, the author was pleasantly surprised to find that the there retains various and diversified licenses such as the archives, guns, Xihu, opium prohibition, donation, and Nahu licenses in Qingshuijiang area. They are the reflection of government administrative and economic control in that area in political, economic and cultural aspects. The force of control is deeply rooted in all aspects of the life in the Miao and Dong people, displayed by the special style "license".