总体的境遇——卢卡奇《小说理论》中的时间之赋形

The Situation of Totality——the Form-giving Time in Lukacs’ The Theory of Novel

作为危机时代“普遍绝望”的思想呈现,《小说理论》内涵了卢卡奇对总体之问题的特殊体悟。在现代主义的立场上,卢卡奇将历史截分为“古典社会”“基督教社会”“现代社会”,并以“史诗”为标尺,审视“小说”中现代人的生存状况。随着自发存在总体的遗失、先验家园的落空、社会的分裂化,时间成为小说世界的实存载体,并经由赋形建构了小说世界“时间统一体”,以守护现代人的主体原则。面对小说世界的“时间强力统治”,冒险抗争、抒情陶醉、理解性和解从不同维度勾勒出的现代人独特在场形态,刻画了极具表现力的现代生存境况。但是,面对这种异质的生存处境,“新世界”的幽微预兆以及赋形的“庸人的辫子”则凸显了时间之赋形对总体之问题的浪漫主义写照。

As the representation of“universal despair”in the era of crisis,The Theory of Novel contains Lukacs’unique understanding of totality.From the standpoint of modernism,Lukacs divides history and examines the living conditions of modern people in novels using epic as the yardstick.With the loss of the whole spontaneous totality,the collapse of the transcendental homeland and the disintegration of the society,time has become the existential carrier of the world of novel,and has constructed“the unity of time”in this world through formgiving,so as to protect the modern man’s principle of subjectivity.With the“strong rule of time”in the world of novel,the modern man’s unique presence is outlined from different dimensions,including adventure and struggle,lyricism and intoxication,and understanding and reconciliation,and the modern man’s living condition is expressively depicted.However,in such a heterogeneous living situation,the omens of the“new world”and the formation of the“mediocre braids”highlight the form-giving time’s romantic portrayal totality.