不安全依恋在心理咨询中的转化：治疗距离的视角

Transformation of Insecure Attachment in Psychotherapy:through the Lens of Therapeutic Distance

目的:考察来访者的不安全依恋在心理咨询中的转化,探究治疗距离的中介作用以及来访者对咨询师依恋的调节作用。方法:对北京、上海6所高校心理咨询中心的61名来访者进行3次问卷追踪,前测填写亲密关系体验量表、中测和后测填写来访者对咨询师的依恋量表、治疗距离量表。结果:①依恋焦虑的来访者,感受到的过度疏远的修正性体验完全中介其依恋焦虑对增长的自主感变化的预测效应;②依恋回避的来访者,其回避得分直接预测增长的投入感的变化,但感受到的过度亲近的修正性体验的中介效应不显著;③来访者对咨询师的安全依恋不能显著调节修正性情绪体验对结果的预测效应。结论:来访者的依恋焦虑可以经由过度疏远的修正性体验,转化为自主感的增长,但依恋回避不能经由过度亲近的修正性体验,转化为投入感的增长,两者的转化机制不同。

Objective: To investigate the underlying mechanism of changes of client’s insecure attachment, and the relationships among therapeutic distance, the client attachment style, client attachment to therapist. Methods: A sample of 61 participants from 6 university counseling centers in Beijing and Shanghai completed questionnaires on pre-test, mid-test and post-test. Participants completed Experience of Close Relationships Scale, Therapeutic Distance Scale, Client Attachment to Therapist Scale. Results: ①The effect of attachment anxiety of the clients on changes of growing autonomy was fully mediated by the corrective experience-too distant at mid-test; ②Client attachment avoidant directly predicted the changes of growing engagement without the corrective experience-too close as a mediator; ③Client’s secure attachment to therapist did not significantly moderate the predictive effects of corrective experiences(too distant & too close) on outcomes. Conclusion: The attachment anxiety of the clients transformes into growing autonomy through the too distant corrective experiences, whereas attachment avoidance does not transform into growing engagement through the too close corrective experience. Attachment anxiety and avoidance may differ in the mechanism of changes.