西晋以来云南永昌地区的诸葛亮崇拜

Worship of Zhuge Liang in Yongchang Area of Yunnan Province since the Western Jin Dynasty

云南的诸葛亮崇拜多见于滇西,而滇西又多见于永昌,主要反映于当地众多的遗迹、传说和习俗中。它们都具有深刻的文化意蕴,这些遗迹的叙事源头,绝大多数都是附会《三国志》《华阳国志》等史籍中诸葛亮平定南中历史叙述而形成的传说故事,也有些是来自《三国演义》。因此就产生的时间顺序来说,一般应是历史叙事衍生出传说,传说再衍生出遗迹,但也有先形成的民间传说影响后来史书撰写的情形。自元代以来改纂诸葛亮到滇西的史书就不绝如缕,目的是要从叙事源头上改变《三国志》《华阳国志》等史书中诸葛亮没到滇西的历史记忆,重构另一套与滇西诸葛亮遗迹、传说、习俗相适的历史话语系统。永昌的诸葛亮崇拜居云南之最,除了与其他地方共有的因素外,其独有的人文历史环境、边疆区位特点等,也起了非常重要的作用。

The worship of Zhuge Liang is commonplace in western Yunnan Province,especially in Yongchang.The evidences are numerous in a lot of local relics,tales and customs.Most relics are based on folk tales derived from historical records or literary narratives about Zhuge Liang in the War of Pacification in Nanzhong,such as The Records of the Three Kingdoms,Chronicles of Huayang,and Romance of the Three Kingdoms.Generally speaking,historical narratives produce tales,and tales produce relics;in special cases,folk tales may influence later historical records.Since the Yuan Dynasty,a lot of historical books perverted the history recorded in The Records of the Three Kingdoms and Chronicles of Huayang,announcing that Zhuge Liang had once been to western Yunnan,trying to rewrite the history and fabricate one that is compatible with local relics,tales and customs.Besides the common factors shared by other areas in Yunnan,the most fervent worship in Yongchang also owes much to the exclusive cultural history and special borderland location.