父母和班主任自主支持对青少年幸福感和孤独感的影响：个体为中心的视角

The Roles of Autonomy Support from Parents and Head Teacher in Adolescents’ Subjective Well-Being and Loneliness: A Person-Centered Perspective

为探讨不同来源自主支持对青少年幸福感和孤独感的影响,采用问卷调查的方法,测量了2941名青少年感知到的父母和班主任自主支持、生活满意度、积极情感、消极情感和孤独感。结果发现:(1)存在四个自主支持潜在剖面:父母低-班主任较高自主支持组(5.88%)、父母中等-班主任低自主支持组(5.00%)、较高自主支持组(56.21%)以及高自主支持组(32.91%);(2)男生、年龄大的青少年更可能归为父母中等-班主任低自主支持组;(3)高自主支持组幸福感最高、孤独感最低,较高自主支持组次之,父母低-班主任较高自主支持组幸福感最低、孤独感最高;(4)对青少年的幸福感和孤独感而言,父母自主支持更为重要。

Most of previous studies on autonomy support were based on variable-centered approach(e.g., investigating the effects of specific autonomy support on some outcomes). The present study adopted person-centered approach to explore the associations among parents’ autonomy support, head teacher’s autonomy support, subjective well-being and loneliness. This study aimed to identify the natural configurations of parental and head teacher’s autonomy support among Chinese adolescents, to investigate the associations among demographic variables and autonomy support profiles, and to examine the differences among those autonomy support profiles on adolescents’ subjective well-being(SWB;indicated by life satisfaction, positive affect and negative affect) and loneliness.The Psychological Parental Autonomy Support Questionnaire, Head Teachers’ Autonomy Support Questionnaire, Multidimensional Students’ Life Satisfaction Scale(MSLSS), Affect Balance Scale(ABS), Adolescents Loneliness Questionnaire, and demographic information questionnaires were administered to 2941 adolescents(Mage = 14.58, SD = 1.56). Our sample included 1301(44.20%) males, 1638(55.70%) females(2 participants missed the gender information). We used Mplus 7.11 to conduct latent profile analysis to identify the best number of the potential autonomy support profiles. Then, we conducted multivariate logistic regression to examine the influence of gender, age, Socioeconomic status(SES) on the autonomy support profiles above. Finally, ANOVAs and post hoc tests(Bonferroni) were conducted after controlling demographic variables(gender, age and SES) to reveal the differences among profiles on SWB and loneliness. Results identified four meaningful profiles named as "low parents and moderately high head teacher autonomy support"(5.88%), "medium parents and low head teacher autonomy support"(5.00%), "moderately high autonomy support"(56.21%) and "high autonomy support"(32.91%). Moreover, males and younger adolescents had more likelihood of membership into medium parents and low head teacher autonomy support profile. The associations between SES and autonomy support profiles were insignificant. Additionally, adolescents in high autonomy support profile scored the highest in SWB(indicated by the highest life satisfaction and positive affect, the lowest negative affect), and the lowest in loneliness, followed by moderately high autonomy support profile;adolescents in low parents and moderately high head teacher autonomy support profile scored the lowest SWB and the highest loneliness, even compared with low parents and medium head teacher autonomy support profile. Those findings indicated that autonomy support from parents and the head teacher not only enhanced Chinese adolescents’ well-being, but also protected them against suffering from loneliness, which expanded the application of self-determination theory(SDT). Furthermore, the difference between low parents and moderately high head teacher autonomy support profile and moderately high autonomy support profile indicated that moderately high head teacher’s autonomy support cannot offset the lack of parents’ autonomy support. Low parents and moderately high head teacher autonomy support profile scored also lower than medium parents and low head teacher autonomy support profile in life satisfaction and positive affect. Overall results suggested that the lack of parents’ autonomy support had larger influence on adolescents’ well-being than the lack of head teacher’s autonomy support. The findings shed light on the understanding the associations among autonomy support from different sources, adolescents’ wellbeing and loneliness, and emphasized the importance of parents’ autonomy support.