社会心理服务体系建设的应然与实然：基于全国12个试点地区的评估

Ought-to-be and To-be of Social Psychological Service System Construction: Based on the Evaluation of 12 Experimental Districts in China

社会心理服务体系建设是我国创新社会治理的重要举措,旨在解决社会心态培育和心理建设问题。然而这一概念的“应然意涵”是否在全国各地的建设实践中得以贯彻,仍有待探讨。本研究收集了全国12个社会心理服务体系建设试点地区实际工作情况的网络文本资料,按照组织架构、工作模式等6个一级指标以及其下的23个二级指标,对资料进行编码以描述各地建设的“实然状况”。文本分析结果显示:(1)各试点地区社会心理服务体系建设的内容定位“心理健康”倾向严重;(2)社会心理服务整体上仅偏重“风险防控”工作;(3)社会心理服务与社会治理关系错位。总之,全国各地社会心理服务体系建设的“实然状况”与“应然意涵”之间存在较大差距。

Although there is a heated controversy over the connotation of social psychological service system(SPSS) among researchers and practitioners, it can be affirmed according to several official documents of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China(CCCPC) that the construction of SPSS is an important solution to innovate on social governance in China, which aims to solve the problems of social mentality cultivation and psychological construction, and carry out social governance according to psychological laws. The SPSS as a kind of practice began in 2016, in which year the Politics and Law Commission of the CCCPC selected 12 experimental districts across China to build SPSS. In 2017, Xi Jinping reaffirmed at the 19 th National Congress of the Communist Party of China that we would improve the system of public psychological services(i.e. SPSS), and cultivate self-esteem, self-confidence, rationality, composure, and optimism among our people. Therefore, many practice patterns of SPSS were created by local governments in the recent years. However, it remains a question whether the connotation of what the SPSS ought to be has been followed out by the different districts in practice. To address this issue, the present study adopted a text analysis method. First, we collected online text materials(more than 170,000 words) reflecting the status quo of SPSS construction in the 12 experimental districts across China. Second, we encoded the texts to describe what the construction practice factually was in each district. The text encoding system included 6 primary indexes(such as organizational frameworks, operational patterns, platform construction, targets and contents of service, talent construction and evaluation indexes), and 23 secondary indexes. Finally, the encoding results were compared with the ought-to-be connotation of SPSS on the aspects of content range, construction strategy, and methodological value defined by the official documents of the CCCPC.The results firstly showed that there was a server tendency of replacing the SPSS with individual mental health services. The solutions which had been made by the local governments were mainly targeted at passively preventing individual mental problems rather than positively cultivating social mentality and social psychology. Second, the SPSS was limited to the role of societal risk prevention and control, so as to maintain societal stability and harmony. In practice, social psychological services were often regarded as a tool to prevent some people with mental problems or disorders and deviation risks from causing troubles or committing crimes. Third, the relationship between SPSS and social governance was often misread, either not realizing the methodological value of SPSS for social governance, or mistakenly attributing social reality problems to individual mental problems or idealistic problems but neglecting their roots in institutional structure. The above shortcomings are partially caused by people’s wrong conceptual understanding, in which the SPSS is equalized to individual mental health services and a means of maintaining societal stability. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a correct and unified concept definition of SPSS in various official documents and deepen relating academic research by introducing macro "societal psychology" view to complement individualism view in the current psychological subject. Moreover, we should encourage local governments to create new ways of social governance, and summarize local creative practical experience and generalize it nationwide.