中国近海区域古菌群落结构研究概述

An overview of archaeal community structure in the Chinese coastal areas

古菌作为海洋微生物的重要组成部分,是海洋生态系统中物质与能量传递的重要贡献者,在全球生物地球化学循环中扮演着不可或缺的角色。虽然目前绝大多数的古菌尚未获得纯培养,但近年来分子生物学技术的发展使人们认识到古菌参与甚至主导了海洋生源要素循环的关键过程。本文介绍了目前研究海洋古菌多样性的主要手段,包括:荧光定量PCR、16S rRNA基因扩增子高通量测序、宏组学以及单细胞测序等技术,系统地阐述了中国近海不同区域(包括辽河口、黄河口、渤海、南北黄海、长江口、东海北部、珠江口以及南海区域)海水及沉积物中的古菌群落结构和多样性特征。研究表明我国近海地区的主要古菌类群为广古菌门(Euryarchaeota)、奇古菌门(Thaumarchaeota)、乌斯古菌门(Woesearchaeota)和深古菌门(Bathyarchaeota)等,其生物地理学分布主要受到环境因子和距离因素的影响,且在河口和近海海域呈现出完全不同的分布特点。在此基础上,对未来的研究方向进行展望,为全面深入了解我国边缘海生态系统中古菌群落及其参与的生物地球化学循环奠定了基础。

Archaea are the important components of marine microorganism ecosystems,wherein they are the key mediators of material and energy flow,and play crucial roles in global biogeochemical cycling.Although most archaeal members are currently unculturable,recent development of molecular techniques has recognized that archaea are major players in the cycling of marine biogenic elements.In this review,present methods that are widely used in studying marine archaea diversity are introduced,including quantitative PCR,high-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA gene amplicon,metagenomics,metatranscriptomics,and single-cell sequencing.Patterns of archaeal community structure and diversity in waters and sediments along the Chinese coastal areas,including the Liaohe River Estuary,Yellow River Estuary,Bohai Sea,Yellow Sea,Yangtze River Estuary,East China Sea,Pearl River Estuary,and South China Sea,were systematically elucidated.Results showed that Euryarchaeota,Thaumarchaeota,Woesearchaeota,and Bathyarchaeota are dominant in the Chinese coastal areas,and they exhibited different patterns between habitats.Their biogeographic distributions are affected by a combination of environmental factors and spatial distance.This review lays a foundation for a deep understanding of archaeal assemblages and biogeochemical functions at the coast of China.On this basis,future prospects for research on marine archaea are proposed.