湖南水稻生产作业方式及成本研究

Research on Operating Model and Costing of Rice Production in Hunan Province

为了解湖南省水稻周年生产的机械化、轻简化和社会化程度,基于湖南省430余户农户2017和2018年水稻生产情况调研数据,对湘北、湘中东、湘南和湘西各地区农户周年水稻生产各环节的作业方式和成本进行了统计分析。结果表明:当前湖南省水稻生产全过程主要环节的机械化程度较高,除移栽和干燥环节的机械化率分别为57.5%(机播机插率)和54.0%(自主和外包烘干率)之外,整地、病虫防治和收割环节机械化率基本达到或超过90%以上;湖南省水稻生产各环节的作业外包率除病虫防治环节相对较高(53.8%)外,其余整地、移栽种植、收割、干燥和仓储等环节均相对偏低,以自主作业为主;在不考虑机械购买成本的情况下,湖南各地区水稻生产各主要环节应用最普遍技术模式的总成本要稍高于各地最低成本模式,却远低于全程外包模式,全程外包模式成本是最普遍模式的1~2倍。

In order to learn the status about mechanization,simplification and socialization degree of rice annual production,according to the rice production data collected from more than 430 farmer households in Hunan during 2017-2018,this article analyzed the situation of technical application and costs of rice annual production in north,mid-east,south and west Hunan.The results show that:1)Except for the slightly lower mechanization degree in rice transplanting(57.5%)and drying(54.0%),the mechanization degree of the whole rice production process is high,and it is more than 90%in plowing,disease and pest controlling,and harvesting.2)Though the outsourcing degree of disease and pest controlling is slightly higher(53.8%),the other processes’outsourcing degrees,including plowing,transplanting,harvesting,drying and warehousing,are relatively low,and most of them are farmer self operated.3)Under the situation of ignoring the cost of machine purchase,the total cost of the most common technology model during entire rice production across Hunan is slightly higher than the lowest cost model,and 1-2 times lower than the full outsourcing model.