三种方向起跳对人体着地时下肢肌肉、关节的影响差异研究

Study on the Different Effects of Take-off in Three Ddirections on Muscles and Joints of Lower Limb when Human Landing

本研究探讨从正后方、侧向、斜后方3个方向起跳,利用运动学和动力学分析不同方向起跳后着地下肢所受冲击和着地动作间差异,以评价起跳方向对着地安全性的影响。本研究筛选出20名男性大学生为实验受试者,实验开始前受试者根据实验组织者提示进行起跳动作试跳。研究对象赤足站立于规定起跳位置,实验组织者发出口令,受试者以双脚完成起跳动作,起跳后单手或双手拍击悬吊的标志球后,以单脚落地,落地动作要求由脚趾向足根过度,落地后保持身体平衡,本实验为进行3个方向的起跳,每个方向3次起跳。利用SPSS软件和Visual3D软件,分析比较力矩、关节角度、关节功、贡献度等参数。本研究发现,X、Y轴方向正后方起跳时,受试者受地面冲击力显著高于从斜后方起跳和从侧向起跳(p<0.05);而从斜后方起跳时,受试者受冲击力显著高于从侧向起跳(p<0.05)。Z轴方向3种方向起跳所受地面冲击力没有显著性差异(p>0.05)。最大关节屈曲角、活动度、最大伸展力矩以及关节功方面,受试者正后方起跳和斜后方起跳的髋关节参数有显著性差异(p<0.05),正后方起跳和斜后方起跳的起髋关节参数明显大于从侧向起跳,差异具有统计学意义(p<0.05)。受试者正后方起跳和斜后方起跳的膝关节参数没有显著性差异(p>0.05),正后方起跳和斜后方起跳的膝关节参数明显大于从侧向起跳(p<0.05)。受试者正后方起跳和斜后方起跳的踝关节髋关节没有显著性差异(p>0.05),正后方起跳和斜后方起跳的踝关节参数明显小于从侧向起跳(p<0.05)。本研究认为从正后方和斜后方经行起跳,髋、膝、踝关节屈曲角变化较快,利用髋关节周围肌群屈伸降低地面反作用对下肢关节的冲击,对地面反作用力的吸收作用显著。而侧向起跳时,髋、膝、踝关节屈曲角变化较缓慢,主要利用踝关节周围肌群背屈降低地面反作用对下肢关节的冲击,对地面反作用力的吸收作用较差。侧向起跳对于人体在着地阶段下肢各关节所受冲击远大于从前后或者斜前后方向起跳。

In this study, the take-off was carried out from three directions: straight behind, sideways and oblique rear. Analyzed the differences between the impact of lower limb and landing action after take-off in different directions by kinematics and dynamics, in order to evaluate the influence of take-off direction on the safety of landing. In this study, 20 male college students were selected as experimental subjects. They were asked to stand barefoot in the prescribed take-off position and completed the take-off and landing movements according to the requirements of the experiment organizer. This experiment carried out the take-off in three directions, three times in each direction. The parameters such as torque, joint angle, joint work, and contribution were analyzed by SPSS software and Visual3 D software. The results showed that when the straight behind take-off in X-axis or Y-axis directions, the impact of subjects was significantly higher than the take-off from the oblique rear and from the sideways(p<0.05);While the take-off from the oblique rear, the impact of subjects was significantly higher than the take-off from sideways(p<0.05). There was no significant difference in the ground impact force in the three directions of the Z-axis direction(p>0.05). In terms of the maximal joint flexion angle, mobility, maximal stretching moment, and joint work, hip joint parameters of the subjects were significantly different between take-off from straight behind and from oblique rear(p>0.05), the hip joint parameters of take-off from straight behind and from oblique rear were significantly greater than from sideways, and the difference was statistically significant(p<0.05).There was no significant difference in the knee joint parameters of the subjects between the take-off from straight behind and from oblique rear(p>0.05). The knee joint parameters of the take-off from straight behind and from oblique rear were significantly greater than from sideways(p<0.05). There was no significant difference in hip joint parameters and the ankle joint parameters between the take-off from straight behind and from oblique rear(p>0.05), the ankle joint parameters of the take-off from straight behind and from oblique rear were significantly less than from sideways(p<0.05). The results of this study suggested that the impact of the joints of the lower limbs during the landing stage take-off from sideways is much greater than that from the directions of front and rear or oblique front and oblique rear.