露天煤矿排土场生物修复与生态重建技术

Mechanism of Phytoremediation and Co-reconstruction for Waste Dump in Open-cast Collieries

大型露天矿区长期高强度开采驱动下的生态累积效应,以及其导致的植被受损、土壤退化、水土流失、水文失调和地质变化,已成为恢复生态学研究中亟待解决的问题.我国露天煤矿生态环境的恢复处于发展阶段,与国外有一定差距.根据国内外矿山生态环境保护与恢复治理技术规范、生态环境状况评价技术规范、土壤环境监测技术规范、区域生物多样性评价标准等指标体系,结合我国露天煤矿排土场生物修复与生态重建的研究现状进行了系统分析.结果表明:(1)我国露天煤矿排土场生态恢复主要以地貌重塑、土地复垦和植物修复为主要手段;(2)目前露天煤矿土地复垦研究作为生态重建的重要基础,土地复垦应考虑生态效果;(3)露天煤矿排土场生物修复作为生态恢复持续进行的关键,强调土壤基质改良、适宜性强的生物种类筛选、环境因子调控措施的技术耦合.(4)通过轻量化、绿色化、生态化的重建技术提升综合治理能力和水平.

The ecological cumulative effects like vegetation damage,soil degradation,soil erosion,hydrological imbalance and geological change driven by long-term high-intensity mining in large open-pit coalmine areas have become the urgent problems to be solved in the study of restoration ecology.In view of the early development stage of restoration of ecological environment in open-pit coal mines in China and a certain gap with foreign countries,we analyzed systematically the current situation of bioremediation and ecological reconstruction for waste dump in open pit coalmine in China according some index systems used regularly at home and abroad,such as the technical norms for the protection and restoration of mine ecological environment,the technical norms for the assessment of ecological environment,the technical norms for soil environmental monitoring and the evaluation criteria for regional biodiversity,etc.The results showed that:(1)Landform remodeling,land reclamation and phyto-remediation were the main means for ecological restoration of open-pit coal mine dump in China;(2)As an important basis for ecological reconstruction,research on land reclamation in open-pit coal mine should focus on the ecological effect and always think from an ecological point of view;(3)As the key to sustainable ecological restoration,bioremediation of waste dump in open-pit coal mine should emphasize the technical coupling of soil matrix improvement,selection of adaptable biological species and environmental factors control measures.(4)The ability and level of comprehensive management could be improved through lightweight,green and ecological reconstruction technology.