从于连的“天下之忧”中看孟子的忧患意识

Looking at Mencius’s Awareness of Anxiety from Jullien’s Worry of the World

于连认为孟子的忧患意识具有重要的意义。出于对现世强烈的热爱,儒家的忧患意识是从为展开理想的现实这一愿景之中生发出来的,因此,想要阐发儒家的责任意识,就需要论述忧患意识。于连将这种忧患意识与尧舜联系起来进行论述,通过对现实世界的"忧"心来规定圣人的特征,是实际且道德的。圣人不回避现实,而是毅然决然地投身其中,就是因为对世界负责。圣人的这种"忧"心不是为了一时的功名,而是从他内心深处油然而生的、包含了其内在需求的存在。孟子为了阐明"忧"的本质是内在的,特将"忧"和因物质上的利害关系而源于外界的"患"区分开来。君子虽"常""忧",却无"一时的"患。然而发自内心的"忧"则是无穷无尽的。正如徐复观、牟宗三主张的那样,"忧"的概念在中国文明初期已经出现,初期中国思想的发展是以这种"忧"的概念为基础的,中国思想的独创性也恰在于此。

Jullien believes that Mencius’ s awareness of anxiety is of great significance.Confucian awareness of anxiety is out of a strong love for the world. It is born out of the vision of unfolding the ideal reality. Therefore,in order to elucidate the sense of responsibility of Confucianism,we need to discuss the awareness of anxiety. It is practical and moral that Jullien associates this awareness of anxiety with Yao Shun and stipulates the characteristics of saints worry heart through the real world. The saint does not shy away from reality,but resolutely commits himself to it because he is responsible to the world. The saints worry heart is not for the fame of the moment,but for the existence of his inner needs that arises from the depths of his heart. Mencius believes that the essence of worry is intrinsic,and it is not the same as the suffering from the outside world. Although the gentleman often worried,he did not suffer. The worry heart of the gentleman is endless. As Xu Fuguan and Mou Zongsan advocated,the concept of worry has appeared in the early days of Chinese civilization. The development of Chinese thought in the early stage was based on this concept of worry,and the originality of Chinese thought is also here.