心栣而乘教——“正名”思想笼罩下的董仲舒人性论

Self-Cultivation and Political-Cultivation: Study on Dong Zhongshu’s Theory of Human Nature

人性论是儒学内部的核心议题之一,进入大一统帝国之后,儒家的人性论发生了大的转变,其中尤以董仲舒为代表。以往的研究将董仲舒的人性论判定为"性朴说""善恶二元论"或者"性三品"说。然而,这些判断并没有把握董仲舒人性论的实质性问题。董仲舒从正名的角度来探讨人性问题,他认为"生之谓性","性者质也",人性是上天所生之质。对应于天之阴阳二气,人有性情之分,性具善恶之质,但不可以谓性已善、已恶。如同天之有阳尊阴卑,人性自身有自栣的功能。不过,能自栣的人性还不足以达善,它必须借助于圣王教化。董仲舒所理解的人性实际上是走向善的过程。作为向善过程的人性为儒家的政教主张提供了根本合理性。

The theory of human nature is one of Confucian key topics.After Qin dynasty,the direction of this discussion has changed a lot.In this discussion,Dong Zhongshu played the core role.The former study of Dong Zhongshu's Theory of Human Nature has not precisely understand his claim.However,Dong Zhongshu regards human nature as a procedure.Even though it has the potential to be good and evil.And human being can cultivate themselves by their own minds function.Minds function is not enough to make ourselves to be cultivated.Political cultivation must participate in man's processing of being a gentleman.And the political cultivation should adopt to Confucian etiquette.