儒家“恕”的观念史考察

An Examination of “Shu” in History of Idea

儒家传统"恕"的观念,可以从以下五个意义层面去分析:第一,"恕"是人际交往中一种基本的关系性德行。第二,"恕"还是具有实践指向的道德性行为。第三,在实际的政治实践中,"恕"对君主本人提出"修己以安百姓"的要求,强调统治者的示范表率作用。第四,孔子以后,由于"诚"概念的阐发,"恕"与"诚"的形而上联系得到发挥。第五,在宋明理学"体用一源"的视角下,忠恕一体,"恕"继续展开其心性形上学的意义向度。若要实现"恕道"在当代的创造性转化,将其扩充为一种社会性公德或许是不错的尝试。

The idea of"Shu",which always means put oneself in the place of another,can be analyzed from the following five dimensions.First,it is a sort of relational virtue in the process of interpersonal communication.Second,it is also a practical moral conduct Third,in political practice,"Shu",which underlines the demonstrative effect of the ruler,requires the sovereign to first cultivate himself so as to make people happy and stable.Fourth,after Confucius,as the concept of “ Cheng ” ( sincerity ) develops, the metaphysical connection of " Shu " and"Cheng" has been elaborated. Fifth, according to the Neo-Confucianism, Essenceand its Function are integrated as one, the same as Zhong and Shu. As a result, themetaphysical dimension of "Shu" has been enlarged continually. If we hope to realizethe creative transformation of "Shu" in contemporary society, we should gainsome intellectual sources from Chinese classics.