家畜毛色形成分子基础及应用研究进展

Research Progress on Molecular Basis and Applicability of Coat Color Formation in Livestock

动物毛色是一种容易被识别的表型,也可作为筛查某些疾病的有效手段。毛色主要由黑色素细胞产生的真黑色素和棕黑色素的分布、比例和产生速率所决定。许多基因对黑色素的产生和分布起着重要调控作用,各基因间的不同基因型形成多种基本毛色、淡化毛色和花斑。此外,miRNA靶向结合毛色主效基因mRNA,诱导抑制/增强其转录翻译过程,从而调控毛色基因的表达,影响黑色素合成。文章简述了家畜调控毛色的主效基因黑色素皮质素受体1(MC1R)、野灰位点信号蛋白(ASIP)、原癌基因(KIT)、酪氨酸酶关联蛋白(TYRP)、小眼畸形相关转录因子(MITF)和内皮素受体B(EDNRB)的DNA序列多态性(不同基因型)与毛色性状、疾病之间的关系;介绍了毛色形成相关miRNA挖掘鉴定、miRNA调控毛色相关基因研究进展与毛色基因研究应用价值,旨在为今后研究家畜毛色机理提供理论依据。

Animal coat color is an easily recognized phenotypes,and also be used as an effective measures of screening for some diseases.Coat color is mainly determined by the distribution,proportion and production rate of eumelanin and pheomelanin which were produced by melanocytes.Many genes play an important regulatory role in the production and distribution of melanin,and different genotypes of each gene form a variety of basic coat color,fade coat color and spot.In addition,miRNA binds the mRNA of coat color major gene to induce inhibition/enhancement of its transcription and translation process,thereby regulating the expression of coat color gene and affecting the synthesis of melanin.In this paper,the relationship between the coat color traits,diseases and DNA sequence polymorphisms(different genotypes)of major candidate genes MC1R,ASIP,KIT,TYRP,MITF,EDNRB in livestock were briefly described.The research progress on coat color formation miRNA mining and identification,miRNA regulation of major coat color genes,and the application value of coat color gene were analyzed which would provide a theoretical basis for future study on coat color mechanism of livestock.