刑民交叉案件中金融机构常见过错类型及其法律风险——以“银行”为分析模型

Common Faults and Legal Risks of the Financial Institutions in Criminal-Civil Overlapping Cases: by Using Bank as an Analysis Model

工作人员为实施犯罪而以金融机构名义为法律行为的效力能否归属于金融机构,行为人以相对人名义与金融机构开展交易、涉嫌犯罪情形下,金融机构自身过错是否会导致相对人减免责任,是金融机构在刑民交叉案件中面临的核心实体问题。在处理此类案件时,应当按照职务代理—表见代理—过错侵权的法律适用逻辑,依次探讨请求权基础是否成立。特定个案中,往往是金融机构过错与相对人自身过失共同导致犯罪得逞、损害发生,金融机构应否承担责任以及承担何种责任系“多因一果”的法律评判作业。本文通过类型化分析方法,分别讨论金融机构在人员、印章、文件、场所、交易惯例及风控措施方面的过错,对于民事法律关系及最终责任分配的不同影响,以期为司法裁判提供可资考量的线索,推动裁判尺度的统一。

An employee,for the purpose of illegal possession,undertakes civil juristic acts such as signingor executing a contract in the name of the financial institution,will such contract be binding on the financial institution?A financial institution,because of irresponsibility,has been deceived by a criminal offender,can the counterparty claim exemption on ground of the financial institution’s own fault?When dealing with criminal-civil overlapping cases involving financial institutions,the above issues can be solved in three approaches.If the person of civil conduct has authority of agency,the civil conduct shall affect the principal.If the counterparty has reasons to believe that the person of civil conduct has the authority,the conduct shall be valid too.If neither two,the financial institution may bear liability for tort.The financial institutions’fault can be categorized into six groups:employees,seals,documents,office,customs and risk control measures.It might be easier to anticipate the result of criminal-civil overlapping cases by comparing and analyzing the differences between different types of fault.